Single Wire Power - A Search for Ambient Power to do Wwork

[DavidE]

Duncan

To the discussion of "Gradients."

Random

When we say random, it is a speculative premise that there is no external force interaction or behavior opened or closed by some set of criteria, known or unknown.

I don't believe in random. I believe that just because something is beyond my ability to perceive or comprehend, it should not be considered not to exist. It simply is beyond my current ability to quantify a mechanism or organizational force.


Gradient

On the other hand, Gradients are a larger truth of the simplicity or complexity of existence. Gradients suggest that there are peak values relative to your objective - and virtually unlimited ranges of values in every spatial and dimensional direction from that (relative) point.


Being able to understand and create potential differentials through a better understanding of GRADIENTS, will take us to new places that we all aspire to. No matter where in the universe that we may find ourselves.

SMALL SAMPLE


LARGER SAMPLE


Note: Look at the bottom image... is it morphing, or giving the appearance of moving? Neither - its your brain adjusting how you are interpreting what you are seeing.

[DavidE]

Ambient, rectify, polarize... utilize. Meat starting at 14:14 in...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=1237&v=lwbnMSIBTi8

Visual evidence of dielectric power
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dlIYad2WzA

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What radiant energy is - 1 of 6

Duncan,
Where does the term "Radiant Energy" come from?

"Radiant energy" is a generic term - energy that is radiated. I spent my first couple of years chasing radiant energy through several forums where it is turned into some kind of mystical force in the universe. I got totally disgusted with all the speculation and decided to track it down vis-a-vis Tesla's work.

The following is what I have put together to explain "Tesla's radiant energy", although it isn't Tesla's discovery at all. It isn't actually anyone's discovery, it is a generic descriptive term, although as far as I know Michael Faraday started the exploration when he described "radiant matter" in 1816.

The following is by no means a comprehensive study of “radiant energy” because so many people worked with it beginning in 1816 and continuing to today. It does show the origins of the term and some of the work Tesla and others did with it. You will find that to say Tesla discovered radiant energy would be like saying Galileo discovered the stars.

The following is from a lecture delivered by Tesla before the Institution of Electrical Engineers in London during February of 1892 titled Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency.

"…but one [name], at least, I must mention – a name which could not be omitted in a demonstration of this kind. It is a name associated with the most beautiful invention ever made: it is Crookes!

When I was at college, a good while ago, I read, in translation (for then I was not familiar with your magnificent language), the description of his experiments on radiant matter."
https://archive.org/stream/experimen...e/n17/mode/2up - Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency

What is this book? On radiant matter by Sir William Crookes. Tesla attended various schools from 1870 to 1880 so it was probably 1880 that he read the book, the lecture which it contains being presented August 22, 1879.
http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1856-birth-of-tesla - Tesla timeline

In On radiant matter by Sir William Crookes he references an even earlier lecture by Michael Faraday on radiant matter given in 1816.
https://archive.org/details/OnRadiantMatter - Crookes’ lecture

https://archive.org/details/lifelettersoffar01joneuoft - The life and letters of Faraday

What is the device that Tesla calls “the most beautiful invention ever made”? The radiometer (1873) or the Crookes Tube (1879)?

“[The radiometer] was invented in 1873 by the chemist Sir William Crookes as the by-product of some chemical research. In the course of very accurate quantitative chemical work, he was weighing samples in a partially evacuated chamber to reduce the effect of air currents, and noticed the weighings were disturbed when sunlight shone on the balance. Investigating this effect, he created the device named after him.”
Crookes radiometer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Crookes Radiometer

Today it is accepted that the vanes in the Crookes Radiometer turn due to heat rather than radiation rays impacting the vanes. That is of little importance to this chronology because at the time it was thought that the motion was caused by radiant matter.

Further experiments led to Crookes developing the Crookes tube which is a modification of the earlier Geissler tube invented in 1857 by Heinrich Geissler which was the first gas-discharge lamp that caused fluorescence of matter in the bulb by electrification. We know them today as neon tubes. Crookes and others used modified versions of Geissler tubes to further study cathode rays.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geissler_tube - Geissler Tube
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookes_tube - Crookes Tube

In 1888 Philipp Lenard began studying cathode rays using modified Crookes tubes. He used the aluminum “Lenard windows” of his tubes to confirm some of J. J. Thomson’s work that showed cathode rays are negatively charged energetic particles rather than electromagnetic waves.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_priz...enard-bio.html - Philipp Lenard

Sidebar: At the time aluminum was more expensive than gold and silver because of the difficulty of isolating it from its ore. What eventually made aluminum as cheap as it is today was Tesla’s alternating current and the development of the induction furnace using AC electricity.
http://www.aluminum.org/aluminum-adv...story-aluminum - History of aluminum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_furnace - Induction furnace

In 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovers the X-ray using modified Crookes and Lenard tubes, the X being taken from mathematics where it designates an unknown value, meaning an unknown cathode ray.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen - Wilhelm Roentgen

To understand the significance of studying cathode rays we must understand that at the time the investigations were occurring the atom was considered the absolute minima of matter – there were no subatomic particles and, in the mind of the scientists of the day, there could be no subatomic particles. These investigations led to the realization that the cathode rays were particles of matter smaller than atoms traveling in straight lines at very high velocities in the tubes, that the trajectory of the particles could be manipulated by magnetic and electrical fields, and that the particles could pass through the wall of the tube without breaking it. The very notion of subatomic particles overthrew the idea that the atom was absolute minima of matter, a very fundamental change in physics.

Not only were the particles subatomic but they carried an electrical charge and could be manipulated with electromagnetic fields. And their charge existed both inside and outside the vacuum tubes, i.e. wireless transmission of electrical charge.

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What radiant energy is - 2 of 6

I have been unable to locate any direct reference to Tesla using the term “stinging rays”. His March, 11, 1896 On Roentgen Rays article in Electrical Review does, however, contain the following: “It may not be known that even an ordinary streamer, breaking out suddenly and under great pressure from the terminal of a disruptive coil, passes through a thick glass plate as though the latter were not present. Unquestionably, with such coils pressures are practicable which will, project the particles in straight lines even under atmospheric pressure. I have obtained distinct impressions in free air, not by streamers, as some experimenters have done, using static machines or induction coils, but by actual projection, the formation of streamers being absolutely prevented by careful static screening.” This may relate to the “stinging rays” as it is often stated that he felt the stinging through both glass and copper plates between himself and the radiant energy source.
On Roentgen Rays from Electrical Review, March 11th, 1896
- On Roentgen Rays – March 11, 1896 – Nikola Tesla

In the April 22, 1896 Electrical Review, Tesla’s article Tesla’s latest Roentgen Ray Investigations he states “…streams resembling the cathodic must be emitted by the sun and probably also by other sources of radiant energy, such as an arc light or Bunsen burner.” This is the earliest use I found of his use of the term “radiant energy” though there may be earlier usages. Note that he references both natural and artificial sources.
Tesla?s Latest Roentgen Ray Investigations from Electrical Review, April 22nd, 1896 - More Roentgen Rays

Referring again to the stinging rays, Tesla warns about problems of being exposed to cathode rays. He describes various discomforts encountered when experimenting with cathode rays at high power including tingling sensations and burns on flesh in his article in Electrical Review of May 5, 1897 titled On Hurtful Actions of Lenard and Roentgen Tubes. This is critical information for anyone experimenting with radiant energy.
On Hurtful Actions of Lenard and Roentgen Tubes from Electrical Review, May 5th, 1897 - On Hurtful Actions of Lenard and Roentgen Tubes – May 5, 1897

Sidebar: A link to Tesla and “cold electricity” can be found in the On Roentgen Rays article of March 11, 1896 in Electrical Review: “After some time the reddish light subsides, the streams becoming again white, whereupon they get weaker and weaker, wavering around the electrode until they finally disappear: Meanwhile, the phosphorescence of the glass grows more and more intense, and the spot where the stream strikes the wall becomes very hot, while the phosphorescence around the electrode ceases and the latter cools down to such an extent that the glass near it may be actually ice cold to the touch. The gas in the bulb has then reached the required degree of rarefaction.”

There are references to some frightful experiences in the above articles when considered today with what we now know about X-rays and human biology. “An outline of the skull is easily obtained with an exposure of 20 to 40 minutes. In one instance an exposure of 40 minutes gave clearly not only the outline, but the cavity of the eye, the chin and cheek and nasal bones, the lower jaw and connections to the upper one, the vertebral column and connections to the skull, the flesh and even the hair. By exposing the head to a powerful radiation strange effects have been noted. For instance, I find that there is a tendency to sleep and the time seems to pass away quickly.” Brain wave modification? Another: “At times it has seemed to me as though I myself heard a whispering voice, and I have searched eagerly among my dusty bulbs and bottles. I fear my imagination has deceived me, but there they are still, my dusty bulbs, and I am still listening hopefully.” Aural hallucination? Could these and other of his high frequency high voltage experiments be the cause of his obsessive compulsive disorder? This from Tesla’s 1916 Pre-Hearing Interview, “A common experiment, for instance, in my laboratory on Houston Street, was to pass through a coil energy at a rate of several thousand horsepower, put a piece of thick tinfoil on a stick, and approach it to that coil. The tinfoil would melt, and would not only melt, but while it was still in that form, it would be evaporated and the whole process took place in so small an interval of time that it was like a cannon shot. Instantly I put it there, there was an explosion. That was a striking experiment. It simply showed the power of the condenser, and at that time I was so reckless that in order to demonstrate to my visitors that my theories were correct, I would stick my head into that coil and I was not hurt; but, I would not do it now.”

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What radiant energy is - 3 of 6

Nikola Tesla filed his application for patent titled Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy on March 21, 1901 and the patent was granted November 5, 1901 under patent number 685,957. Some quotes from that patent are instructive regarding radiant energy. Highlights are added by me.
Tesla Patent 685,957 - Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy - Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy

“It is well known that certain radiations – such as those of ultra-violet light, cathodic, Roentgen rays, or the like – posses the property of charging and discharging conductors of electricity…”

“My own experiments and observations, however, lead me to conclusions more in accord with the theory heretofore advanced by me that sources of such radiant energy throw off with great velocity minute particles of matter that are strongly electrified, and therefore capable of charging an electrical conductor…”

“My present application is based upon a discovery which I have made that when rays or radiations of the above kind are permitted to fall upon an insulated conducting-body connected to one of the terminals of a condenser while the other terminal of the same is made by independent means to receive or to carry away electricity a current flows into the condenser so long as the insulated body is exposed to the rays, and under the conditions hereinafter specified an indefinite accumulation of electrical energy in the condenser takes place. This energy after a suitable time interval, during which the rays are allowed to act, may manifest itself in a powerful discharge…”

“It is very important, particularly in view of the fact that electrical energy is generally supplied at a very slow rate to the condenser, to construct the same with the greatest care.”

“The insulated plate or conducting-body should present as large a surface as practicable to the rays or streams of matter, I having ascertained that the amount of energy conveyed to it per unit of time is under otherwise identical conditions proportionate to the area exposed, or nearly so.”

The reason I highlighted the statements about time, above, is that we must realize that we cannot extract energy from such a device faster than it is accumulated and it is accumulated slowly depending on the size of insulated, elevated plate and the quality of the capacitor.

“Furthermore, the surface should be clean and preferably highly polished or amalgamated.”
Amalgamated, in terms of metallurgy, means to mix or alloy a metal with mercury. Why mercury? “Mercury arc rectifiers (also known as Cooper-Hewitt or Hewittic rectifiers) were extensively used to provide DC in high power applications, powers ranging from kilowatts up to a few megawatts, at voltages ranging from 110V to 30KV. Their operation is based on the discovery that an arc between a pool of mercury and a metal anode only allows current to pass in one direction.”

Many of Tesla’s patented circuit controllers used a pool of mercury and we can now see why – unidirectional current flow.
Mercury Arc Rectifiers - Mercury Arc Rectifiers
Tesla Patent 609,245 - Electrical Circuit Controller - Controller
Tesla Patent 609,246 - Electric Circuit Controller - Controller
Tesla Patent 609,248 - Electric Circuit Controller - Controller
http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-...q=bWVyY3VyeQ== - Controller
http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-...q=bWVyY3VyeQ== - Controller
http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-...q=bWVyY3VyeQ== - Controller
http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-...q=bWVyY3VyeQ== - Controller

“Fig. 3 shows a modified form of apparatus used in connection with an artificial source of radiant energy, which in this instance may be an arc emitting copiously ultra-violet rays. A suitable reflector may be provided for concentrating and directing the radiations.”

“Still another modification is shown in Fig. 4, in which the source S of radiant energy is a special form of Roentgen tube devised by me, having one terminal k, generally of aluminum, in the form of half a sphere, with a plain polished surface on the front side, from which the streams are thrown off. It may be excited by attaching it to one of the terminals of any generator of sufficiently high electromotive force; but whatever apparatus be used it is important that the tube be exhausted to a high degree, as otherwise it might prove entirely ineffective.”

Nikola Tesla filed his application for patent titled Method of Utilizing of Radiant Energy on March 21, 1901 and the patent was granted November 5, 1901 under patent number 685,958. This patent has the same application and granting dates as the patent for the apparatus above. This patent and the one above are substantially the same but there is some information in this one not covered in the above patent.

“The rays or radiations which are to be utilized for the operation of the apparatus above described in general terms may be derived from a natural source, as the sun, or may be artificially produced by such means, for example, as an arc-lamp, a Roentgen tube, and the like, and they may be employed for a great variety of useful purposes.”

“The source S may be any form of Roentgen or Lenard tube…”
http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-...q=Njg1LDk1OA== - Method of utilizing Radiant Energy

Part of what is interesting about these patents is the application dates which are after he returned from Colorado Springs. While his work there was generally about wireless transmission of power through the atmosphere between balloons maintained at altitudes of 30,000 feet, he witnessed thunderstorms and their attendant lightning on July 4, 1899 that made an impression on him. The entry in his notes about the experience ends with the note “This is important!”
http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-...q=NjQ1LDU3Ng== - 30,000 feet
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/te...oradonotes.htm - Colorado Springs Notes

The July 4, 1899 notes are well worth a read in regard to radiant energy because lightning is a form of radiant energy and we now know that sufficiently strong lightning emits X-rays and gamma rays. I personally witnessed the emissions from lightning intensifying the charge on a radiant energy collector from which I was reading the voltage when the lightning occurred some miles away. The voltage reading immediately jumped to four times what it was and then over about 10 seconds returned to its previous level. This also emphasizes one of the reasons the elevated plate is insulated – to prevent it from ionizing the air around the plate like a Franklin lightning rod which actually attracts lightning.
http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-...q=MTI2NjE3NQ== - Lightning Protector

Sidebar: In his notes the following day, July 5, 1899, there is a note about the balloons. So at that point Tesla was still considering transmission between balloons maintained at altitude. I believe that on reflection after his return from Colorado Springs he realized that he could transmit power through the crust of the earth and didn’t need the balloons because he never attempted to transmit between balloons. There would surely be photos if he had but there are no photographs and Wardenclyffe had no such facility. He did, however, do a demonstration for a patent examiner through a long tube in his laboratory that had been partially evacuated to simulate the air density at high altitudes. There is a drawing of the device in the Preface of the above link to the Colorado Springs Notes. The reason I make note of his transmission plans here is that, although the transmission could be accomplished with whatever source of electricity generation was available, it has the same general principal as the rays transmitting energy wirelessly. His Wardenclyffe project did not use radiant energy but a steam powered generator. Considering that Tesla was planning to transmit power between balloons at 30,000 feet it raises the question of whether he was planning on placing the insulated elevated plate of the radiant energy collector at some similar altitude. With the advent of air travel we discovered the higher radiation exposure at higher altitudes. He does not, however, mention this anywhere that I found.

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What radiant energy is - 4 of 6

In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled the cathode rays discovered by Roentgen in 1895 in their penetrating power. He demonstrated that this radiation did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself.
Henri Becquerel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Henri Becquerel

So here we have a natural source of radiating particles carrying an electrical charge that does not require an artificially generated stimulation to cause the emission of the charged particle.

Learning of Becquerel’s work, Marie Curie decided to study the rays emitted by uranium salts for a thesis. Her husband Pierre and his brother had previously developed a device to detect weak electrical charge. She used it to discover that the air around a sample of uranium salts was electrified and that the strength of the electrification was dependent only on the quantity of the sample. She hypothesized that the radiated electrification was not a result of molecular interactions but came from the atom itself. During her work she isolated polonium, thorium, and radium.
Marie Curie - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Marie Curie

Earnest Rutherford worked on the conductive effects of X-rays with J. J. Thomson and, hearing of Henri Becquerel’s work on uranium, experimented with radioactivity and discovered two different types with energy levels that he called alpha rays and beta rays in 1899. In 1903 he worked with a type of radiation discovered but unnamed by Paul Villard and called it gamma rays. The three terms are still used today for alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. In following years he worked with a who’s who of scientists in the nuclear field including Hans Geiger, Thomas Royds, Ernest Marsten, Niels Bohr, and James Chadwick and was responsible for the developing the theory of the structure of the atom which James Chadwick is credited with proving in 1932.
Ernest Rutherford - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – Earnest Rutherford
James Chadwick - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - James Chadwick

There was an overlapping of time when Tesla was studying radiant energy from the macrocosm (he mentions the sun and cosmic rays regularly) and others were studying radiant energy from the microcosm of the atom. They are essentially the same thing – charged particles traveling in straight lines, or “rays”, that can move electrical charge from one place to another – wireless transmission of energy. Tesla confirms this with his position in an Electrical World and Engineer article of January 7, 1905: “I have noted with satisfaction the first signs of a change of scientific opinion. The brilliant discovery of the exceptionally ‘radio-active’ substance, radium and polonium, by Mrs. Sklodowska Curie, has likewise afforded me much personal gratification, being [a resounding] confirmation of my early experimental demonstrations, of electrified radiant streams of primary matter or corpuscular emanations (Electrical Review, New York, 1896-1897), which were then received with incredulity.”
Tesla Said, Compiled by John Ratzlaff – “Tesla Said” by John Ratzlaff
http://teslacollection.com/ - Searchable collection of articles about Tesla’s work which can be searched by date to find the articles related to the 1896-1897 time period.

While others were using the rays to create images, Tesla was capturing and using that transmitted charge in his patented electrical devices. With the exceptions of Geissler, Crookes, Becquerel, and Tesla the above mentioned people were academics. Geissler focused on what we today call neon lamps, Crookes on fluorescence and imaging, and Becquerel on spontaneous radioactivity. It was Tesla who focused his energies on the electrical properties of their discoveries and developed devices and methods for utilizing the electrical charge of those particles. Tesla was able to translate their scientific discoveries into machines for utilization of their work. That was Tesla’s genius.

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What radiant energy is - 5 of 6

Construction on the Wardenclyffe project began in 1901. Due to Tesla’s inability to raise funds to build the facility as originally envisioned he was required to scale the original plan down and encountered many problems in doing so which occupied much of his time.
Wardenclyffe Tower - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Warcdenclyffe

In 1905 Dr. Tesla’s patents for alternating current motors and power distribution expired halting his royalty income from same and in 1906 the Wardenclyffe project was abandoned.

We don’t hear much from Tesla about radiant energy for some time thereafter. In 1909 he applies for a patent of his turbine. It is interesting to note that he says in the patent application that it is applicable to gases, fluids, and particles. He also notes that the device, with modifications, can be used as a pump or a motor.
Tesla Patent 1,061,142 - Fluid Propulsion – Fluid Propulsion

In 1917 Tesla moved to Chicago to work for the Pyle National Company and spent his time there perfecting his turbine.

In 1918 Tesla files for patent of his Lightning Protector which operates opposite of the Franklin pointed lightning rod by draining the adjacent atmosphere of charge to equalize charges between the ground and atmosphere to prevent a lightning strike as opposed to the Franklin pointed lightning rod which ionizes the air around the point and actually attracts lightning to the rod. There is an article on page 380 of the October 1918 issue of Electrical Experimenter about Tesla’s Lightning Protector. It is interesting because it shows the device attracting charge from the atmosphere whereas the patent application does not show this feature. Unfortunately the illustrator for the article is not given.
Tesla Patent 1,266,175 - Lightning-Protector - Lightning Protector patent
"The Tesla Collection" - "Tesla Has New Pointless Lightning Rod". ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER, October 1, 1918 - Electrical Experimenter article

In the November 1928 Popular Science magazine there is an article titled “A Prophet of Science Looks into the Future” by Alden P. Armagnac in which he interviews Tesla. That article contains the following: “And – more widely interesting in this day of radio – this strange, many-sided man clings to the opinion he expressed in his scientific investigations published from 1896-1898, that the source of all rays we know is always a stream of tangible particles or ‘corpuscles,’ rather than waves or vibrations. Even before the discovery of radium, Tesla expressed his belief that radioactive rays were of this sort, a view ridiculed at that time. When radium was discovered it was found actually to emit particles of matter – flying nuclei of helium atoms, called ‘alpha’ rays. Tesla has maintained ever since that radium is not a generator but a transformer of energy, the emanations being caused by cosmic rays of immense power capable of penetrating all obstacles however thick.” The “capable of penetrating all obstacles however thick” relates to neutrinos.
Popular Science Archive | Popular Science – Popular Science article

In an article titled “Tesla, 75, Predicts New Power Source” in the July 5, 1931 New York Times Tesla states “The phenomena of radioactivity are not the result of forces within the radioactive substances but are caused by this ray emitted by the sun. If radium could be screened effectively against this ray it would cease to be radioactive.” It matters little for this article whether or not this is true or not because it is what Tesla believed. I personally think there might be something to it because today the only explanation we get from modern science is that the radioactive material is unstable. Unstable? Why is it unstable? I’ve not yet seen an explanation for this instability.

In the article “Tesla Cosmic Ray Motor May Transmit Power ‘Round Earth” by John A. O’NEILL for the Brooklin Eagle dated July 10, 1932 Tesla states, “The attractive feature of the cosmic rays is their constancy. They shower down on us throughout the whole 24 hours, and if a plant is developed to use their power it will not require devices for storing energy as would be necessary with devices using wind, tide or sunlight. All of my investigations seem to point to the conclusion that they are small particles, each carrying so small a charge that we are justified in calling them neutrons.” I believe he was speaking of what we today call neutrinos. There are billions of them passing through your body every second of every day. We don’t notice them because they rarely interact with matter. That’s not to say they never interact with matter and it seems probable, to me at least, they could be the thing that makes radioactive matter radioactive because it is unstable and this tiny amount of energy tips the balance and the radioactive matter ejects a particle.

In the same article Tesla says, ”I have harnessed the cosmic rays and caused them to operate a motive device.”
Note the year is 1932. We have some documentation from an interview with Tesla’s nephew, Peter Salvo, that Tesla developed an automobile with an electric motor that had an unexplained power source. The documentation is not good on these claims and it is unlikely to ever be clarified. So the following is speculation.

In the same article, above, Tesla states “The attractive feature of the cosmic rays is their constancy. They shower down on us throughout the whole 24 hours, and if a plant is developed to use their power it will not require devices for storing energy as would be necessary with devices using wind, tide or sunlight.” The power source for the car was said to be capable of powering a home when not in use in the vehicle and it was said to have no battery, i.e. the neutrinos shower down the whole 24 hours to activate the radioactive material so power will be available to power a home at night.

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What radiant energy is - 6 of 6

In a New York Times article published on July 11, 1937 titled “Sending of Messages to Planets Predicted by Dr. Tesla On Birthday" is the following statement: “Reports of discoveries by which it will be possible to communicate with the planets and to produce radium in unlimited quantity for $1 a pound were announced by Dr. Nikola Tesla yesterday at a luncheon on his eighty-first birthday at which he was honored with high orders from the Yugoslav and Czechoslovak Governments.”

Why would the cost of producing radium be of concern to Tesla? To grasp the importance of one dollar per pound of radium we need to look at the radium reserves of the time. The following article is from The Sydney Morning Herald published on February 11, 1935 and titled "Price of Radium. Big Drop Expected."
London Feb. 10.
"The 'Sunday Express' says: - 'By the development of sources of radium in the Great Bear Lake (Canada), which are believed to be sufficient to supply the whole Empire, it is expected that the value of radium will drop from £10,000 to £1,000 per gramme. The present world's stock is 600 grammes; London hospitals between them have three-quarters of an ounce (about 31 grammes) valued at £250,000.'"
11 Feb 1935 - PRICE OF RADIUM. BIG DROP EXPECTED. Developing C... - Price of radium

A British Pound in 1935 has the purchasing power of about £58 GBP today. So in 1935 the cost in today's money was £580,000 per gram and was expected to be reduced to £58,000 per gram. Dr. Tesla speaks of obtaining radium for $1.00 per pound and there are roughly 450 grams in a pound so that would be $0.0022 per gram at that time. Examine the following for a grasp of this. What Things Cost in 1935: Car, $580; Gasoline, 19 cents/gal; House, $6,300; Bread, 8 cents/loaf; Milk, 47 cents/gal; Postage Stamp, 3 cents; Stock Market, 144; Average Annual Salary, $1,500.
Google Answers: Cost of household items in 1935? - What Things Cost in 1935

Again, why would Tesla care about the cost of radium? Consider the possibility that Tesla developed what we know today as a radioisotope battery. It is called a battery but is not what we normally think of as a battery that would be used in a car because once assembled they can supply power for up to 40 years. So they are a primary battery (non-rechargeable) but with a very, very long life. I propose that Tesla’s 1931 Pierce-Arrow was powered by such a device. And the statement that it could power a home when not in use for transportation fits this idea also.

On page 13 of the PDF document at the following link is shown a diagram of an early 1950’s radioisotope battery. It is, essentially, a Tesla radiant energy collector. The source is Sr-90 which would take the place of the Roentgen or Lenard tube in his patent, the dielectric is the insulation around the elevated plate, and the collector is the elevated plate. The page states the voltage is high – 7kV.
http://homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~blanc...chardKorea.pdf - Radioisotope batteries

It is necessary here, again, to understand history. There were absolutely no government controls whatsoever on radioactive materials until after it was proven that they could be weaponized by the use of atomic bombs in Japan. It wasn’t until the 1950’s that governments started imposing controls. So in the 1932 to 1937 time frame there would be no government involvement or prohibition against using radioactive materials in an energy generator.
http://www.orau.org/ptp/PTP%20Librar.../ramreview.pdf - Radioactive Material Regulations History

Radioisotope batteries are in use today. The two Voyager spacecraft which are just now exiting the solar system into interstellar space use a variation known as a radioisotope thermoelectric generator for both power and heat. Its primary output is heat and thermocouples convert some of the heat to electricity. Their distance from the sun makes solar arrays useless and service is out of the question. They were launched in 1977 and are expected to have enough power to transmit data through 2020 and possibly 2025. Radioisotope batteries were also used in the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Galileo, Ulysses, Cassini, New Horizons and the Mars Science Laboratory. RTGs were used to power the two Viking landers and for the scientific experiments left on the moon by the crews of Apollo 12 through 17.
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/flash_html.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/26/us...r-battery.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_battery

The powers that be have created an aversion to anything related to “radiation”. Yet today we are exposed to radiation on a daily basis: natural background radiation; medical X-rays; some smoke detectors use Americium; elevated radiation exposure at high altitudes while flying; non-electrically powered emergency lights in stairwells of buildings, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium - Smoke detectors
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto...amic_generator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium_illumination Tritium
http://depletedcranium.com/my-attemp...um-key-chains/ - Modern regulations nightmare

In fact, the antipathy toward any form of radiation is not well founded for low level radiation. The radiation exposure guidelines that are in place today were developed from the effects seen after atomic bombs were detonated in a linear fashion. There is, however, a known threshold under which no ill effects occur but the exposure guidelines ignore this threshold. It was known at the time the standards were developed but it was ignored: ‘The first of Calabrese's recent articles is a straightforward history of the LNT [linear no threshold] model for ionizing radiation mutation, a concept accepted by radiation geneticists in the 1950s and recommended by national and international advisory committees for risk assessment and human exposure guidelines and later generalized to chemical carcinogens ever since. It is now used by public health and regulatory agencies worldwide, he notes.

In the second of the two articles, Calabrese repeats his earlier accusations that the distinguished radiation geneticist Hermann Muller, in his acceptance speech for the 1946 Nobel Prize, "made deceptive statements" intended to "promote the acceptance of the linear dose-response model for risk assessment for ionizing radiation" and that Muller's advocacy agenda was "masked" by long-time colleague Curt Stern. Their actions affected "key publications in the mutation literature," enhancing acceptance of the linear dose-response and hiding "Muller's deceptions," Calabrese adds.’
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases...0813201434.htm - NAS misleads the world

If you have an old TV, computer monitor, or oscilloscope that uses a CRT you already have a cathode ray radiant energy device.

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/02...lowrings_mugs/ - Tritium radiant energy device for sale

http://www.unitednuclear.com/ - Nuclear materials for sale

[DavidE]

Uhhh, well, err, walks away shaking head...

[dR-Green]

Good research work thx1138, but unfortunately that's the wrong answer. These people here are looking for something far less factual and tangible. The applicable truth will only get you ridiculed around these parts. Or as the case may be, when there are too many documented facts to argue against, rendering any disinformation and distraction attempt impossible, they walk away shaking their heads in the hope that no attention will be put on it.

radiant
adjective
1. emitting rays of light; shining; bright
3. Physics. emitted or propagated by radiation
noun
5. a point or object from which rays proceed
7. a refractory absorbing and radiating heat from the flames of a gas fireplace or the like

Radiant | Define Radiant at Dictionary.com

radiant energy
noun, Physics.
1. energy transmitted in wave motion, especially electromagnetic wave motion

British Dictionary definitions for radiant energy
1. energy that is emitted or propagated in the form of particles or electromagnetic radiation. It is measured in joules Qe

radiant energy in Science

Energy in the form of waves, especially electromagnetic waves. Radio waves, x-rays, and visible light are all forms of radiant energy

Radiant energy | Define Radiant energy at Dictionary.com

[mikrovolt]

Tom Bearden regarding vacuum suggests less credence to measurements of classical EM.

Instead we need to understand that it is really the magnitude of virtual photon flux exchange
between the vacuum and the charged particle. ref Edit/Find 1959
Tom Bearden on VPF

Since most of us do not look thru a telescope the term magnitude is the size of
the flux (VPF) is aetheric medium transporting conjegate pairs between dimensions.

It is possible to spend much time on radiant energy and miss Tom Bearden's point.
Sure radiant is real and useful as a manifestation in early electrical science but for those
who would like to venture beyond it becomes a part of the VPF exchange.

Gradient like radiant goes everywhere and gets you nowhere it is the philosophy of James Lovelock a soft satan ideology
forced on science students and proven wrong for over 30 years. The thread stopped as a result of the gradient nonsense
pictures of digital photo gradients. Also Bob Smith explained post #1 the scope on one wire and I am only trying to cope with
disruptive philosophy.

[DavidE]

Mikrovolt

A challenge here that might as well be Mt Everest... is adopting a language that will satisfy all observation points. Each descriptor is a minefield of old and new.

The gradient exercise is an understanding that there are infinite variables driven by a few fundamentals. There are statics driven by infinite dynamics.

We should not be arguing about what something is or how it works if we have not yet grasp the foundation values. Proof of owning them as knowledge would be an ability to manifest capacity to do work, in quantities defined by the designer. Simply replicating long dead inventors work does not qualify.

What we know is only as good as what we can do with it. And so far, those that wish to dictate the content of this thread are less than credible on their own. They wear their dogma like a shield and spear, not an invitation to energetically couple, for the sake of discovering a new power source.

I have not one shred of a doubt, ALL POWER IS BIRTHED IN THE AMBIENT. I don't care what you call it or how you describe it. It is a constitutive component of earth/space... without regard for man's presence.

If this thought is too disruptive, than I will move along and cease my contributions to this thread.

[Bob Smith]

Mikrovolt
When speaking of gradient, we're talking about points at different locations in space which possess a difference of potential relative to one another. Look at Tesla's patent for collecting radiant energy. There is a gradient of potential between the raised plate and the ground. Stay with it, my friend. DavidE is not talking nonsense. We need gradient potential to extract power from the aether; resonance and resultant uncoupling of magnetism from dielectricity seems to be the key to fostering these aetheric GPs in order to produce or access useable power.
Bob

[mikrovolt]

OK gradient if qualified as you did and can be discussed such as Tesla's radiant. And I will try to explain why it changes from medium to medium. The reference to Tom Bearden also trys to explain the potential gradient with respect to Vacuum. I have used this term over 50 years. If you would kindly steer this in a meaningful direction thanks.

In the Tesla experiment the potential voltage is much higher at the plate which is
elevated however it takes a long period of time to charge the plate due to the poor conductivity of the atmosphere. However there are several work arounds that Tesla
used to improve this I will leave this to discussion. There is another scheme below for the ground
to accumulate charge more rapidly. Can you identify this?
There is AC wave that traverses the potential gradient, this is vertical.
What role does the horizontal projected radiant energy have ? (recall that the medium is a poor conductor)
By insulating the plate what effect does this have?
Is there a charge separation mechanism ? (several builders on here have done this correctly)
Can the dipole sustain and enlarge a field ?

My flash light is radiant but it is not what Tesla is using. Be careful of using general terms.
The slope of the equation = m .. from the latin 1635 gradien
but the ancients used the term delta along with a discriptor.
energy is not born in the ambient and it is not destroyed or consumed it is a disruptive philosophy.
no capital letters necessary. Ambiens Latin meaning encompassing or surrounding.

[thx1138]

Good research work thx1138, but unfortunately that's the wrong answer. These people here are looking for something far less factual and tangible. The applicable truth will only get you ridiculed around these parts. Or as the case may be, when there are too many documented facts to argue against, rendering any disinformation and distraction attempt impossible, they walk away shaking their heads in the hope that no attention will be put on it.

Radiant | Define Radiant at Dictionary.com

Radiant energy | Define Radiant energy at Dictionary.com

The dictionary definitions are where I started once I decided to dig deeper.

This thread got my attention not because of the "one wire" part but because of the "ambient energy" part of the first post and the thread title. As far as I know cosmic rays and nuclear radiation are part of the ambient environment. That's why I posted the radiant energy posts above.

I have spent some time looking at ZPE, VPF, and Tom Bearden's work but I never related it to radiant energy. I see tapping ZPE more like attaching a faucet to a dam than catching ZPE as it radiates. I don't think it radiates. It seems much more likely, to me at least, to be accessed via entrainment.

VPF tickles my mind about something I saw in a science magazine back in the late 70's or early 80's. There was an article that said hydrogen atoms had been detected in space that popped into and out of existence. It was before the internet so it was probably Scientific American or Popular Science. I looked for the article last night but didn't find it. That is the article that got me thinking the Big Bang theory might be wrong. If matter is continually popping into and out of existence there is no need for a starting point to the universe. It can be eternal.

The most interesting ZPE work to me was Bearden's work with Floyd Sweet and the VTA. I've also spent quite some time on Harold Aspden's work. In Bearden's work with Sweet he notes the use of barium ferrite magnets and barium pops up in various other projects like the Hutchison Effect and McClain & Wooten's Magnetic Resonance Amplifier.

Barium titanate is interesting in that it is ferroelectric and piezoelectric. It also has a photorefractive effect that is being used in self-pumped phase conjugation and four-wave mixing optical frequency applications.
Barium Titanate

IMO, materials science is the gateway to ZPE in that materials with special and possibly unique properties are what is going to enable us to tap into it. Bearden's work on the VTA isn't necessarily ZPE in that he says it accesses the strong force in the nuclei of barium but it may be that the strong force is a path to tapping into ZPE via entrainment.

I'm going to try barium titanate in the paraffin between the capacitor and basket weave coils on my Hendershot build just to see what it might do.