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Nikola Tesla’s Turbine Secrets - Global Open Source Project

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  • A TALK WITH NIKOLA TESLA
    by Frank G. Carpenter
    State, The, Columbia, SC
    December 18th, 1904
    New York, Dec. 17 — I give you today the substance of two remarkable talks with Nikola Tesla. The first I had in his laboratory on east Houston street nine years ago last September. The second was held in the Waldorf tonight.

    The first interview was most interesting, giving a wonderful insight into Tesla the inventor and Tesla the man, but it was never published, for Mr. Tesla at its close, for business reasons, begged that I say nothing about him for months to come. I wrote out the notes, however, and laid them away, and when I met Mr. Tesla tonight I told him I how intended to use them. At the same time we had the extraordinary conversation about his recent discoveries and inventions as to the transmission of force, which I reproduce in the latter part of this article.

    TESLA THE MAN.
    First take a glance at Tesla the man. He looked more like an Italian savant than a hard working inventor when I saw him in the Waldorf tonight. He was in evening dress and was the most striking figure of the score of public men who stood about the lobby. Mr. Tesla is now 47 years of age and is in his physical and intellectual prime. He is tall and slender, his head is long, thin and intellectual, with a forehead high and full. He was born in Hungary and educated there, but he speaks English perfectly and is one of the most charming conversationalists I have ever met.

    During my chat of some years ago he talked of his boyhood. His father was a clergyman of the Greek church, and Nikola was intended for the priesthood. He had a brother older than himself, whom the family considered much brighter. That brother died young, and this so crazed his father and mother that it took them long to realize the genius of Nikola. If he stood well in his studies his father's eyes would fill as he thought how much better, perhaps, the other son might have done, and whatever Nikola did was always compared with the possible work of the boy who had passed away. His first education was in the public schools of Gospich, and after that he went to the Real Schule at Karlstadt. As he went on with his studies he liked mathematics so much that he intended to fit himself to be a professor of mathematics and physics, and with that view studied at the polytechnic school at Gratz. He changed to the engineering course, and later on studied philosophy and languages in the colleges at Prague and Budapest. He has since been made a doctor of laws by Yale and Columbia.

    Shortly after completing his studies Mr. Tesla was associated with the government of Austria-Hungary in the telegraph engineering department, where he invented several improvements. From there he went to Paris to be engineer of a large lighting company, and thence to the United States, where he was employed by Thomas Edison in his laboratory. His next position was that of electrician to the Tesla Electric Light company, and at the same time he established the Tesla laboratory here, from which his great inventions have come.

    TESLA THE INVENTOR.
    During my chat with Mr. Tesla I asked him when he first realized that he had the inventive faculty and he told me he had always been inventing something or other. When he was quite a small boy he made toy guns, which would shoot birds, and as he was the only one who could make them he supplied the boys of his neighborhood. He made clocks at eight or nine years and began to dabble in electricity before he was in his teens. His first determination to devote his life to invention came shortly after he went to London to deliver a lecture before a scientific society there. At this lecture he met Lord Rayleigh, the great physicist, and showed him some of the experiments. Rayleigh said that he had, undoubtedly, the faculty of discovery and that he would succeed as an inventor.

    “Shortly after this my mother died,” said Mr. Tesla, “and I concluded to exert this faculty. Lord Rayleigh had said I possessed it and, upon examining myself, I believed him correct. I did not want to waste my powers on small things and I decided to strive toward something that would benefit humanity. I am working on an invention for the transmission of force. This invention will, I believe, revolutionize the world of labor. I am also working on electricity and I cannot remember when I was not working more or less in the direction of a successful flying machine. My idea, as to that, is along different lines than any yet proposed and I expect to see it realized. Indeed, we shall eventually have flying machines that will be large enough to carry crowds through the air. They must be large in order to succeed.”

    These words were uttered by Mr. Tesla nine years ago. Today he says he has completed his force transmission invention, as will be seen by my Waldorf conversation, which follows. He has also done other things which he proposed in that interview. Remember it was before the time of the wireless telegraph, but he then said to me the following:

    “I tell you, we are on the threshold of a new era. We have only begun to master the great forces of nature, and the inventions of the next few decades will be far superior to any of the past. What would you think of standing on the shore and telephoning to your friends in midocean? What of being in the centre of a room and making your whole body blaze with light? What of sending power to and fro over the earth at will and making it do its work anywhere and almost anyhow?

    HOW IT FEELS TO INVENT.
    Mr. Tesla told me that his greatest pleasure was in his work, and that he could conceive no moment so exciting and rapturous as that connected with the discovery of a new principle which, when put into use, would revolutionize the work of the world. Take, for instance, the invention which brought forth the apparatus used in the transmission of power at Niagara Falls. Said he, as he took me to a great coil of wire wound about a stationary magnet, which was connected with the dynamo, and held above it a little glass globe in which was a steel wheel moving on a pivot: “I had been working upon that experiment for a long time, and this was the test. I knew that if I were correct that the wheel in this globe would revolve as soon as I turned on the electricity. It did revolve, and I knew I had discovered what would revolutionize the labor of the world. You can run all sorts of power by that principle. You can take power from Niagara and bring it to New York. The cars can be pulled by it, factories run, houses heated and dinners cooked. I cannot describe my sensation when I saw the wheel revolve. I thought I should go crazy, and I went to my laboratory and took some bromide of potassium to quiet me.

    “It has been the same in some of my experiments with electric lights and other things. No; the greatest rapture one can have is to discover a new force or series of forces, which will reduce man's working necessities to the minimum. I do not believe in laziness, and I should like to see the loafer wiped from the face or the earth; but I want that those who are willing to work should accomplish their results with the least labor and in the best way.”

    HOW TESLA WORKS.
    As to Mr. Tesla himself, there is no harder worker known. He told me that he seldom slept more than four hours of a night, and during some periods not more than three. When in the thick of a new invention it is hard to sleep. His work is always with him and he says that his mind sometimes works in his sleep. He awakes in the morning to find that the problem which had worried him when he went to bed has been practically solved over night. He has always been a light sleeper. His mother died at seventy and she never took more than four hours' sleep. His father was a light sleeper.

    Tesla is a peculiar worker. Failures do not trouble him. After he undertakes a thing and decides that it should come out a certain way, he keeps on experimenting and experimenting, believing in his success. He says that if he doubted his ability it would make him crazy. He seems to have a dual mind. He told me that he often found himself carrying on two trains of thought at the same time, and said that while he was talking to me he could see the figures of some of his calculations behind me and could carry them on at the same time.

    TESLA'S NEW INVENTIONS.
    And now to Mr. Tesla's latest discoveries. If he has what he thinks he has he will revolutionize labor and give man greater benefits than have come from any inventor since the world began. Indeed, the statements made me tonight in the mouth of any other man would be a fair test of insanity. But many of Tesla's wild statements of the past have been verified by great working inventions. He said he could harness Niagara, and through his experiments in the rotary magnetic fields Niagara is now furnishing a power equal to that of tens of thousands of horses, and electrical works are being run by the same principle all over the globe. The New York subway, for instance, is founded upon it. Tesla demonstrated that wireless telegraphy could be done in 1893, and it is a question whether his inventions in that field are not prior to those of Marconi or De Forrest.

    Tonight he told me that he had almost completed inventions by which he could send electrical power to any distance without wires, and that in any quantity, small or great. Said he:

    “I have proved that power can be thus transmitted. Let us suppose I have my plant at Niagara and you are running a sugar factory in Australia; by my discoveries it will be possible to send you a hundred, five hundred or a thousand horsepower for your factory, and to supply the same regularly by the force furnished from Niagara Falls. Suppose you are traveling in the wilds of the Andes and make your camp on the shores of Lake Titicaca. By the outcome of this principle you may have telegraphed to you there instantaneous reports of the news of the world as it happens from time to time. You may cook your dinner over an electric fire thus transmitted, and you may have the same at will on any part of the globe. We shall be able to send power from place to place at will, and that at such a small cost that it will be industrially profitable.”

    Comment


    • TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY WITHOUT WIRES.
      “How did you discover that this might be done, Mr. Tesla?” I asked.

      “I have for years been working on the transmission on of electrical energy, and in 1898 established a laboratory on the edge of the Rocky mountains near Colorado Springs. My laboratory there was over six thousand feet high, higher than the top of Mount Washington, and I had extraordinary conditions for my experiments. Colorado is famous for its natural displays of electrical force. The earth at times is alive with electrical vibrations and the air is full of electricity. I have seen 12,000 lightning discharges within two hours and all within a radius of 30 miles of my laboratory. These discharges were of great violence, some of them looking like trees of fire on the heavens. It was among such discharges that I had my electrical instruments and studied the principles of electrical transmission through the earth and air. One day while watching the lightning I noticed that discharges afar often affected instruments in my laboratory more than those near by. Upon examination I found that this could not be caused by the difference of intensity in the individual discharges.

      “What could it be?

      “Through instruments made for the purpose I tested the matter from time to time and finally came to the conclusion that the vibrations caused by the lightning moved around the world and that there were stationary waves. I could gauge the discharges near the laboratory and see them fade away and after a certain fixed period find them returning with almost no loss of power. In short, this planet, as big as it is, was acting as a conductor, and I became convinced that upon it not only telegraphic messages, but also the modulations of the human voice and electrical power in unlimited amounts, could be carried around the entire globe and sent to any part of it with hardly any perceptible loss. With my transmitter I actually sent electrical vibrations around the world and received them again, and I then went on to develop my machinery. I had, as I have told you, been studying and inventing along the lines of electrical transmission and was ready to take advantage of my discovery. I have since so improved the means or individualization and isolation that such energy may be sent in any amount to any fixed place without danger of its going elsewhere or affecting others, and I believe the individualization can be carried out to almost any degree.”

      NIAGARA FOR THE WORLD.
      “Will this enable the power of Niagara to be sent anywhere over the world?”

      “Yes. I have been experimenting at my laboratory on Long Island. I have machinery and buildings there which have cost in the neighborhood of $350,000, and the results show me that a plant could be erected at Niagara which can transmit its force to any place desired. I am designing such a plant now at my laboratory, and would have had it completed had it not been for un foreseen delays, which have nothing to do with its technical features. The design which I have adopted will have a transmitter which will emit a wave complex of a total maximum activity of 10,000,000 horse power, 1 percent, of which is enough to girdle the globe. This enormous rate of energy delivery — it is twice as much as the force at Niagara Falls — is obtainable only by the use of certain artifices which I shall make known some time in the future.

      “We have been offered 10,000 horsepower from the Canadian Power company. What I want to do is to build machinery there and transmit this power to different parts of the globe. The value of that amount of horse power would be about $200,000 per year, and a plant erected to take advantage of it will pay large dividends.”

      “How much would the plant cost?”

      “It might cost in the neighborhood of $2,000,000, but its value would be enormous, and its success would revolutionize the working forces of the globe. It would result in other plants being erected otherwheres and in the utilization of all the great water falls for the work of man.”

      MOTHER EARTH PUT TO WORK.
      “By this invention every live part of Mother Earth's body would be brought into action. Energy will be collected all over the globe in amounts small or large, as it may exist, ranging from a fraction of one to a few horse power or more. Every water fall can be utilized, every coal field made to produce energy to be transmitted to vast distances, and every place on earth can have power at small cost. One of the minor uses might be the illumination of isolated homes. We could light houses all over the country by means of vacuum tubes operated by high frequency currents. We could keep the clocks of the United States going and give everyone exact time; we could turn factories, machine shops and mills, small or large, anywhere, and I believe could also navigate the air.

      THE TRANSMISSION OF INTELLIGENCE.
      “One of the most important features of this invention,” said Mr. Tesla, “will be the transmission of intelligence. It will convert the entire earth into a huge brain, capable of responding in every one of its parts. By the employment of a number of plants, each of which can transmit signals to all parts of the world, the news of the globe will be flashed to all points. A cheap and simple receiving device, which might be carried in one's pocket, can be set up anywhere on sea or land, and it will record the world's news as it occurs, or take such special messages as are intended for it. If you are in the heart of the Sahara, your wife can telegraph to you from Washington, and if the instrument is properly made you alone will get the message. A single plant of a few horse power could operate hundreds of such instruments, so that the invention has an infinite working capacity and will cheapen the transmission of all kinds of intelligence.”

      Frank G. Carpenter.

      This article also appears in The Boston Sunday Globe of December 18, 1904 and includes photos and additional content.

      Comment


      • I have been building a library of my work to promote the research and development.

        There is some very cool Tesla research amongst these files that many will have not seen before.

        I will be updating this folder at least a few times a month so keep checking back.

        I have loads more research I haven't organised yet.

        https://www.dropbox.com/sh/9jb1q65u3...PpREkyDIa?dl=0

        There is also Ł9000's worth of CAD work.

        My latest prototype which is in build, is a simple to manufacture 6" rotor Tesla pump.

        It features Tesla's final air bearing design from his British vacuum pump patent 179,043, his three spoke pump, an easily adjustable volute casing from US Patent 1,061,142 or British Patent 24,001.

        It will be the simplest experimental axle, rotor, casing and air bearing design ever made!

        Reaching supersonic speeds at the periphery is guaranteed to cause the phase change.

        43,000rpm is supersonic target figure.

        I have designed this version to make vacuum at much lower RPM.

        I've no idea how much rpm I can shave off 43,000rpm but I know its the rapid pressure decrease that causes it rather than the speed.

        The rotor will weigh around 300grams, I'm not sure what the axle will weigh yet. It will be a light, strong rotor.

        Tesla didn't call the discs "runners" for no reason. They are what makes the machine keep running.

        Without the rotor you would not have the four stroke cycle or be able to harness the phase change from air to cloud.

        The best thing is I have designed the pump to be started using a household vacuum cleaner and the vacuum supports the axle and rotor on a thin film of air until the rotor is up to speed to make its own vacuum.

        Comment


        • Here are some pictures of the simplest four stroke cycle engine to ever exist.

          Its is a 7 layer design, which allows the centre volute to be enlarged for a bigger rotor or the inlet ports to be enlarged to the required size.

          I have designed this version to be the simplest for replicators.

          It features Tesla's final atmospheric air bearing design.

          I am currently manufacturing this in acrylic casing, stainless 316 axle and aluminium rotor so you will clearly be able to see the rotor spinning inside the pump.













          It features a two piece pressed axle and sleeve design for 100% symmetry.





          The 1mm chamfer is removed after pressing to complete the symmetry.
          Last edited by soundiceuk; 09-26-2019, 02:49 PM.

          Comment


          • Here is the axle and separating washer with the discs ("runners") hidden:



            Here are some more pictures for clarification.

            The only feature missing is the tear shaped holes from the discs.

            However using solid discs the machine becomes a compressor. The quietest compressor in the world!




            Here are shots of the individual layers:


            Centre volute layer:






            Circular Groove layer:






            Inlet Air Channel layer:






            Air Bearing layer:






            And thanks to Aaron Murakami I have the most detailed picture of the pump I've ever seen:




            I managed to trace the whole design from this picture including side profile of volute, circular groove and inlet and outlets.

            I made the volute section variable and the inlet section variable.

            Tesla uses 11 discs and each disc has 3 holes (33).... Any amount of discs you use will be a multiple of 3.

            The design is symmetrical and if the rotor is balanced it should remain perfectly in the centre.

            A direct link to the CAD files:

            https://www.dropbox.com/sh/mvx99hxxn...qKmMKU1la?dl=0

            Tesla's atmospheric air bearings which were a big advancement of Westinghouses 1904 patent took a lot of experiments and R&D to understand, but the reality is simplicity and pure genius!



            Without vacuum they won't work but if your rotor is built with reasonably tight gaps then even a low rpm rotation will make vacuum and suck in from any hole.

            Using a household vacuum cleaner on the exhaust is guaranteed to levitate the rotor and get it spinning!
            Last edited by soundiceuk; 09-26-2019, 09:50 PM.

            Comment


            • The 27kg mild steel rotor for the big pump was taken out yesterday and on Monday I picked up the new balanced aluminium 11kg rotor.

              Here are the two aluminium discs after I deburred them:



              This was the rotor assembled:



              This is the rotor after I got it back from the balancers:




              These are the free 6" discs I got from the water jetters as their machine messed up the previous discs. These tear shaped hole discs are for the design I have just been posting pictures of:




              I've bought new SKF 20mm bearings rated at 8500rpm and also brand new GRW 8mm bearings for the turbine seen previously rated at 156,000rpm.



              I've had a small amount taken off the turbine axle just to get the preload on the bearings correct.

              I am looking to assemble the large pump tomorrow and test the new aluminium rotor.

              Comment


              • Something I find fascinating is Tesla's love for numbers.

                Vacuum Pump patent (GB 179,043) Atmospheric air bearings number 9

                Tesla Pump / Compressor patent (US 1,061,142) Atmospheric air bearings number 9


                Now did you know Tesla had 33 denied US Patents - Was this an accident?


                Here is Fig 1. & Fig 2. from one of those denied patent:

                US Patent application 678,817 February 20th 1912 - "Method of deriving energy from fluids"



                Tesla Turbine / Rotary Engine - Atmospheric air bearings number 9


                So Tesla clearly likes labelling air bearings number 9.

                He left his Mk1 air bearing design in the Tesla museum to point the way.







                I believe he purposely left a piece with a hole in it so it wouldn't work, but apart from that hole I bet this is a fully working unit.

                If you put a vacuum cleaner on the bottom big hole, the exhaust. It wouldn't levitate the axle and rotor because of the big hole purposely left in the casing.

                Just to clarify the mechanism on top, I'm assured it is the method of changing the direction of the flow for clockwise or anti clockwise rotation.
                Last edited by soundiceuk; 09-26-2019, 11:20 PM.

                Comment


                • I also just noticed that on the original patent it looks like the patent office crossed out the 3 and 4 from Fig 3. and Fig 4. and drew their own.





                  Here is a picture of the British Patent 24,001 Fig 1,2,3 & 4




                  Here is it with a bit of photoshopping!






                  Tesla's machines fit together as can be seen be the slot at number 22

                  Last edited by soundiceuk; 09-26-2019, 11:44 PM.

                  Comment


                  • My latest research has taught me that Tesla has been chasing using atmospheric air pressure since the age of 11.

                    It has also taught me that the two stage turbine and pump aka "Thermodynamic Transformer" is an advancement of his 1889 dynamo.

                    Instead of using a chain to link the axles, he used vacuum.



                    [VIDEO]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7x-6J-V_EQ[/VIDEO]

                    Comment


                    • Hi guys, it has been a while.... lots gone on since I last posted.

                      I will start with this:

                      Last edited by soundiceuk; 01-15-2020, 12:56 PM.

                      Comment


                      • I thought I was phoning Miles up for a chat on a Sunday afternoon, then got thrown into a live interview on Skype




                        Also here is a video I stitched together from my research partners many youtube videos.

                        Last edited by soundiceuk; 01-15-2020, 12:57 PM.

                        Comment


                        • Flash Evaporation

                          Hello soundiceuk,

                          Very interesting and very promising to generate steam in between the disc-blades of a Tesla-Turbine.

                          Maybe I can shed some light on the actual working principle behind the generating of steam inside the Tesla Turbine if done like You were discussing on energetic forum (Your latest video).

                          On september 25th, 2019 You wrote, and I quote:

                          "Reaching supersonic speeds at the periphery is guaranteed to cause the phase change"

                          I think You have got a winner with what You are saying there (Your Quote):

                          May I propose that You inject some warm water into the stream of ambient air that is pushed into running turbine because of the vacuum You create in between the discs, inside the gap(s).

                          I propose to use warm, maybe even hot -almost boling water to inject into the air flow.
                          (Danger of hot water, Beware !)

                          Because of the lower static pressure in that gap (between the discs of a running Tesla-Turbine), the water will evaporate and this is the phase change (from liquid phase to gaseous phase) that You mentioned above.

                          Gaseous water (=steam) comprises a much larger volume per weight when compared to liquid water.

                          Some people speak of a volume increase of 1600 to 1700 times (gaseous water compared to liquid water) under atmospheric conditions.

                          So, if the water changes phase – (becomes a gas) - then this volume increase in between the discs (in the gap between the discs) will result in a much higher velocity of the Air/steam/water droplet-mixture leaving the Tesla Turbine discs on the pheriphery.

                          A high velocity of the exiting (leaving) Air/steam/water droplet-mixture carries kinetic energy.

                          And because the Tesla Turbine is constructed the way it is constructed, the adhesion of the molecules to the discs (walls) will transfer this kinetic energy onto the rotation of the discs, it will make the discs rotate as the mixture exits on the outer rim.
                          Last edited by sparky53; 11-24-2019, 10:00 AM.

                          Comment


                          • Flash steam

                            In the technical professions the sudden evaporation of a Liquid is called Flash-evaporation because it seemingly happens with the velocity of a Flash.

                            I originally wanted to Write a much longer, more explaining Text, but this forum does not work with my computers and the lengths of my Texts. ( I tried now over 30 times and I give up)

                            So the Short Version is: a fast flowing stream inside the TeslaTurbine decreases the static pressure (see Bernoulli effect) so that water droplets can Flash-evaporate.

                            (If the static pressure (between the discs) drops below the vapor pressure of the water, the water will instantaneously flash evaporate)

                            The temperature neccessary for the water to evaporate at a specific static pressure can be found out in a water vapor-pressure table (see Wikipedia for such a table).

                            Once the steam has left the Tesla Turbine and is cold (depleted of kinetic energy because this energy was turning the discs), it will collapse (= condense) and thereby abstract heat energy from the surrounding.

                            This water can then be fed back into the Tesla Turbine to create a closed loop system that harvests kinetic energy (turning of the shaft) from ambient heat energy.

                            Sparky53
                            Last edited by sparky53; 11-21-2019, 07:36 PM.

                            Comment


                            • Maybe also the case in Viktor Schauberger's machines

                              I also think that Viktor Schauberger created a vacuum in his machines deep enough, so that water droplets would evaporate.

                              (he was speaking and writing of a "biological vacuum" !?!)

                              Because of the much larger Volume that cold steam comprises (compared to the water droplets that the cold steam originated from) the outflow-velocity has to increase.

                              A higher outflow-velocity can impart energy on the shaft of the machine and accelerate the spinning of the rotor.

                              Schauberger said that he used Air AND Water in his machines.

                              Sparky53

                              Comment


                              • Another thought for looping that I got from that video would be to use a small air compressor with a fairly high efficiency generator and start the compressor on regular power but after it's up to pressure switch it over (DPDT switch) to run from the generator output. If that fairly small turbine in the video can run 300 watt light bulb I would thing that is enough power to run a compressor to provide the seeming small PSI needed to turn the generator. Looping is the final proof! That would be awesome if it could do that.
                                There is no important work, there are only a series of moments to demonstrate your mastery and impeccability. Quote from Almine

                                Comment

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