Wood Gasification

[evolvingape]

@Rob

How is your project going? It's all a bit over my head to be honest.. very complicated, but interesting as heck.

Cheers

Just a quick update...

I have been working on the SEC design and figuring out the best way to get an AC electrode boiler / DC HHO wet cell into the compression chamber. It is possible but I am trying to make it simpler.

It has occurred to me that it might be possible to use standard automotive spark plugs for both tasks. We have already established that they can be easily installed into a hydraulic fitting using the correct off the shelf adaptor, so no pressure sealing issues, and they are also configured for an electric circuit because that's what they do.

Spark plugs also come with a choice of electrode material, carbon, various alloys, and the newest type... platinum! So a definite chance here to experiment with HHO production using an inert metal, and platinum is the material of choice but is incredibly expensive.

I have not worked out the dimensions yet but two long reach spark plugs mounted opposed may reach into the chamber far enough to give you a small electrode gap between the two electrodes. Alternatively you could make a custom adaptor that places the spark plug further into the chamber but you might have to go with the smallest 10mm plug for clearance, not sure yet.

How the electrical ground of the spark plug will interfere with the process I am not yet sure because they are grounded to the chamber via the contacting threads in the body (normally the negative connection).

A spark plug on it's own should work perfectly well as an AC electrode boiler, allowing you to constantly control the temperature inside the chamber, however, DC HHO production works on surface area exposed to a quantity of electrical charge.

Faraday's laws of electrolysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Keep the DC voltage at 2V maximum but pass a lot of current would be an effective way of spark plug electrolysis without heating the water excessively, which would normally create steam, but as the cell environment is at an applied gauge overpressure from the adiabatic detonation no steam should be created (To be confirmed by experiment).

Another option is to use a spark plug as an AC electrode boiler as already discussed, but use the second spark plug as electrical connections to a cylindrical pipe HHO cell, like stainless seamless schedule pipe for example and gain surface area that way.

Quite a few ways to go about this, so have fun and be safe!



Rob

[Cherryman]

I'm still not grasping the total picture of your setup, maybe one day you could make a SIMPLE diagram as an overview for the lesser gods ;-)

What I understand of the above is that you want to create, compress and detonate the HHO in the same chamber?

Please do not forget compressing HHO along with the oxygen is very dangerous.

As for detonating HHO in the cell I did a few simple experiments a while back with that, it was fun experimenting.

Here are a few youtubes of me playing around with it. There are more on my channel.

Combusting HHO in the Cell: HHO 12 - YouTube

Filling a balloon with the pressure of HHO explosions: World first HHO explosion filled balloon - YouTube

Some more HHO explosion experiments are on my channel around the same date.

Good luck, can't wait to see some video's from your setup!

C'man

[evolvingape]

I'm still not grasping the total picture of your setup, maybe one day you could make a SIMPLE diagram as an overview for the lesser gods ;-)

Superheated Electrolysis and Adiabatic Compression

This article contains a simple diagram of the Superheated Electrolysis Cell, with all the correct symbols, full theory and explanation. I do not understand why there is confusion related to understanding it ?

What I understand of the above is that you want to create, compress and detonate the HHO in the same chamber?

Incorrect. I may be starting to understand why there is confusion. The Superheated Electrolysis Cell and the Heat Pump and Turbine Accumulator are two closely related but different devices that operate on the same basic principles.

The SEC detonates a HHO charge in the detonation chamber, which acts on the fluid piston (water) causing it to move. The water is prevented from returning when the HHO contracts as it is phase changed into water (occupying less volume) by the NRV. The result is a compressed air layer at the top of the compression chamber, directly proportional to the force exerted on it.

The gas laws tell us that an increase in pressure, and decrease in volume of the gas results in an increase in temperature of the gas to comply with the laws of thermodynamics. The gas molecules are forced closer together and so heat up is a simple way of looking at it, like a bicycle pump.

This applied gauge overpressure has been created by an irreversible adiabatic process which is very efficient, the alternative is to heat the water in a traditional way inside a boiler with the applied gauge overpressure being created by steam, a very inefficient way and contains large amounts of steam in the chamber that we do not want. The theory is that because the water is at applied gauge overpressure it will not phase change to steam when it is heated by the AC electrode boiler because only specific heat will be applied to the water, not latent heat causing phase change to steam. Latent heat requirements are about 5 or 6 times higher in energy demands than specific heat requirements. So by using the adiabatic process you have massively reduced the energy required to create the applied gauge overpressure in the compression chamber, and removed steam from the equation.

The Heat Pump and Turbine Accumulator only works on the adiabatic detonation process, it will eject a high pressure water jet and/or compress air to create heat. The Turbine Accumulator water jet is simple as it is exactly the same as a piston in a traditional ICE but has the added advantage that no piston ring seals are necessary because the water is the fluid seal.

The Heat Pump works on the principle that when compressed the temperature of the gas goes up, it will then attempt to balance it's temperature with the environment in an isothermal process. This will take time, so in order to speed up the process intake and outtake NRV's are in the system, which will create friction as the high pressure gas is forced through the NRV piston and therefore heat up. Because the energy to create the temperature comes from within the gas itself it is necessary to replace the air on every cycle, with fresh air from the atmosphere, which is at a higher energy level. So the air leaving the heat pump will have less energy than it did before because it has lost some to the environment through heat entropy, and is replaced by a fresh charge of air. The NRV's are not strictly necessary and could be replaced by a small orifice (tiny drill hole) but including the NRV's will help people understand the process flow and ask questions about what is occurring when the plastic seals in the NRV's they will inevitably use, melt.

Please do not forget compressing HHO along with the oxygen is very dangerous.

I am aware of this. This is why burst disks have been included in the design for safe venting should the HHO being created in the compression chamber decide to "cook off". This is also the reason why I included in the article that the effects of pressure on HHO ignition can now be experimentally studied. All parts should be thoroughly degreased before assembly as grease or oil based residue from manufacture can cause explosions when compressed with oxygen present, this is standard practice.

The HHO itself is not being compressed by an event, it is entering an environment that is already compressed and stable, whether this makes a difference or not to "cook off" remains to be seen.

There are other options for the gas environment instead of using air:

Noble gas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

However, air is simpler and commonly available so I thought that would be the best place to start. We must also consider how the Hydrogen will interact with the noble gases:

Plasma Flame Theory

Nitrogen and hydrogen are diatomic gases (two atoms to every molecule). These plasmas have higher energy contents for a given temperature than the atomic gases of argon and helium because of the energy associated with dissociation of molecules.

Argon and Helium are monatomic gases (the atoms don't combine to form molecules) These plasmas are relatively lower in energy content and higher in temperature than the plasmas from diatomic gases.

Nitrogen is a general purpose primary gas used alone or with hydrogen secondary gas.

Nitrogen also benefits from being the cheapest plasma gas. Nitrogen tends to be inert to most spray material except materials like titanium.

Argon is probably the most favoured primary plasma gas and is usually used with a secondary plasma gas (hydrogen, helium and nitrogen) to increase its energy. Argon is the easiest of these gases to form a plasma and tends to be less aggressive towards electrode and nozzle hardware. Most plasmas are started up using pure argon. Argon is a noble gas and is completely inert to all spray materials.

Hydrogen is mainly used as a secondary gas, it dramatically effects heat transfer properties and acts as anti-oxidant. Small amounts of hydrogen added to the other plasma gases dramatically alters the plasma characteristics and energy levels and is thus used as one control for setting plasma voltage and energy.

Helium is mainly used as a secondary gas with argon. Helium is a noble gas and is completely inert to all spray materials and is used when hydrogen or nitrogen secondary gases have deleterious effects. Helium imparts good heat transfer properties and gives high sensitivity for control of plasma energy. It is commonly used for high velocity plasma spraying of high quality carbide coatings where process conditions are critical.

A dedicated pure noble gas supply is an additional architectural expense though and so there is another option, use air and burn off the oxygen so that no oxidiser is present, and therefore no explosion:

Candle and Water - Cool science experiment - YouTube

What you are left with is the gas content that you started with, plus the gases produced from the combustion, and minus the oxygen:

Air Composition

Nitrogen N2 78.084 %
Oxygen O2 20.9476 %
Argon Ar 0.934 %
Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.0314 %
Neon Ne 0.001818 %
Methane CH4 0.0002 %
Helium He 0.000524 %
Krypton Kr 0.000114 %
Hydrogen H2 0.00005 %
Xenon Xe 0.0000087 %

If you use pure hydrogen to burn off the oxygen the only byproduct is water, which is what you want.

The only other question remaining is what happens when you start the HHO cell up, because you do not want it to produce oxygen along with the hydrogen. I have developed a design in theory that will only expose the cathode (negative) electrode surface to the interior of the cell. This should force the water molecule to give up one of it's Hydrogen atoms to become a gas, while keeping the oxygen locked away within the remaining Hydrogen bonding network of the liquid water. So in effect you will have ionised liquid water within the cell and only Hydrogen in the gas content which will mix and bond with the noble gases present in the de-oxygenated air.

As for detonating HHO in the cell I did a few simple experiments a while back with that, it was fun experimenting.

Me too, I blew up everything I could get my hands on back in the late 90's when I first discovered HHO, hence my sometimes over the top safety warnings!

Good luck, can't wait to see some video's from your setup!

C'man

Going to be a long time until you get any video's, no budget = extremely slow progress.

Hope that clears things up for you C'man

Rob

[evolvingape]

A new document for you to study:

http://www.cder.dz/A2H2/Medias/Downl...-06-06/414.pdf

Desktop versions of these technologies have been given to you to play with responsibly.

Have fun...

Rob

[evolvingape]

Hi,

Running really behind here so I will keep this short. If your interested in these technologies and the applications for them start reading up on these links, for the main posts to follow, when I have time to get them done.

The LFV, or Linear Firing Valve, was first shown to you here:

HHO Pulse Combustion Turbine by RM

The very first picture in that thread shows the LFV with blow forward and blow back valves, I quickly removed the blow forward valve to get you to concentrate on the blowback, more suited for the purpose of gas priming and firing cycles in any orientation.

Blowback (firearms) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oau7...2&feature=plcp

Blow forward - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Automag (paintball marker) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

WARPIG - Automag FAQ

Now some more links with very important information:

Piston Valves

Piston Valves Explained Visually

how to make a piston valve

I gotz a 35 bar pushbutton valve : )

piston valve without pilot-waste..

making the blow-forward breech work

Semi-auto valve for under $20

DIY 3/2 DCV (video)

How-To Database (NOT FOR HELP-ME POSTS!)

Also use the search function to answer your questions!

We will very soon be covering the differences between steam injection (think paintball system) and HHO injection (think firearms) and discussing the different properties of each system and potential applications in engines for producing work done.

We will also be covering valve types, QEV dump chambers (high volume, low pressure), Hammervalve (high pressure, low volume), and combinations of both, Old Shatterhand

We will also be examining the potential for delayed blowback via magnetic energy storage and reciprocation with the point of maximum potential energy being at the point of maximum instability, which is a tickle past zero point.

Very soon we will be moving to advanced concepts involving wireless transmission of power, magnetic valve actuation through pressure walls (no seals and no leaks), and highly streamlined designs involving fuel generation, phase change, detonation prime mover, and fluid shaping from sub to super sonic, all within one assembly, built around pneumatic and hydraulic principles. Everyman... remember ?

Rob

[evolvingape]

The significance of the Quick Exhaust Valve (QEV) or chamber dump valve as I prefer to call it should now be explored. With a paintball system running on compressed air (HPA) they are the preferred choice for maximising power from a pressure source.

Steam chambers operate on exactly the same principles as a compressed air chamber, the main boiler or tank is at system maximum pressure, controlled release of some of this pressure over time is what gives you your power source. Every component downstream from the release will be at a lower pressure than the original chamber pressure. This is the primary principle that a paintball marker works on to limit the power available to propel a paintball. If you have 850 PSI at the tank output regulator you will probably only have something around 250 PSI propelling the paintball, which will keep the total muzzle energy within regulation limits.

Markers “waste” some of the pressure in order to do this and use the excess pressure to cycle the action. Modern markers often have after market low pressure spring kits that will change the regulator output pressure from the factory set 850 PSI to 450 PSI, they will just use that pressure more efficiently to achieve the same performance, and increase efficiency (amount of shots, or pressure pulses available from the main tank before it drops below operating pressure).

The spudgun guys have pioneered improvements in homemade piston dump valves to maximise power available and they have done this by attempting to approach Time = 0, and get as close to a burst disks performance as possible. As a general rule of thumb the piston valve seat only has to move away from the outlet, where the seal is made, by ¼ the distance of the bore diameter. So, for a bore diameter of 20mm the valve only has to achieve 5mm of movement, in the fastest time possible, to achieve maximum flow.

Piston valve technology is not only very easy to replicate and innovate yourself, it also creates a pulse width modulation of a fluid when run automatically, completely governed by pressure differentials. If you want maximum power from your steam for injection into an engine, you need to be using QEV piston dump valves.

The Pulsometer used a continuous flow through a small outlet limiting it's ability to generate maximum power, a piston valve would significantly increase the power available to pump water from a Pulsometer steam pump. This brings up an interesting issue, the design of the Pulsometer to remove eddy's in the fluid flow ensures that the insulating compressible air spring layer forms a barrier between the steam (gas) and the water (liquid) ensuring phase change volume collapse occurs when you want it to, and not before.

The design is such that it models an expansion cone creating a stable fluid flow. This is because of the differences between turbulent and laminar fluid flow.

Laminar, Transitional or Turbulent Flow

If you run your Pulsometer with a piston dump valve, and also shape that flow with a De Laval nozzle insert, you will achieve maximum efficency. It may also be possible to make a supersonic Pulsometer steam pump...

Mach 1 from a pneumatic? (search is not my friend)

“Long barrel + High Pressure + Chamber big enough to avoid significant pressure drop until projectile leaves muzzle + Fast Valve + Light Projectile = Mach (probably)”

There is JSR telling you how to do it...

You should be playing with GGDT and learning about what variables are most important and what are not, simple by changing the inputs and seeing the predicted speed and power results. GGDT is recognised as being very accurate in predicting actual real world sub-sonic results by the way.

http://www.thehalls-in-bfe.com/GGDT/

We know that a gasifier has two outputs, the heat from the pyrolysis chamber at about 800 – 900 C and the combustible gases that can be burnt through a clean burning nozzle to run a pressure boiler and produce saturated steam. In order to maximise the effective power of the steam it must be superheated to ensure maximum expansion, creating what is known as dry steam.

You can use the combustible gas output to create wet steam, run that steam through a flow control valve into a coiled stainless steel hose, that is sleeved around the pyrolysis chamber in the air gap between the double wall. This will maximise the time component that the wet steam is in contact with a higher temperature surface and it will pick up superheat as it flows upwards, where it is fed into the piston dump valve for pulsed injection into the rotary steam engine. If you go with the Everyman principle and use BSP fittings to construct then mounting and sealing options become simple.

Fluidised bed gasification is a popular area at the moment:

Gasification Technology | Converts Feedstock to dimethyl ether, D4814 Gasoline, D975 Diesel fuel

Woodgas.net BFC

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/27983.pdf

http://members.aon.at/biomasse/gue_rom.pdf

Steam injection into the biomass is also popular for creating various types of syngas with different properties. Should you decide to follow the above described system you will be able to charge your piston dump valve with superheated steam. The valve can be made to automatically oscillate (PWM) by triggering it using a pressure relief valve, which will trigger the pilot (K valve ), which will trigger the piston and dump the pressure pulse into the engine. This will allow you to vent the PRV and pilot steam into the fuel hopper, giving you your steam injection into the biomass to break it down.

The firing chamber will vent through the dump valve and repulse your rotary steam turbine, which will produce electricity via a PMA, and if you couple a secondary Tesla boundary layer turbine to the output shaft it will run as a pump and give you a compressed air output of low pressure, high volume.

Hopefully that information is useful to you all.

Rob

[evolvingape]

I realised recently that August 17th 2012 is only a few weeks away and this for me is a bit of a milestone. The HELT release celebrates it's 2nd birthday on this date. I have become weary of this way of life and do not intend to continue with it. I have completed the projects that I tasked myself with all those years ago, and disseminated this information to you all.

So, I thought I would finish off with an interesting little bit of information that I have left out until now. The RotoMax Hybrid is designed to be a phase change rotary engine with water as the working system fluid:

RotoMax Rotary Engine... Tesla - Wankel - Mason HHO Hybrid

The importance of this, amongst other things, is all about efficiency and back pressure:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_pressure

Back pressure refers to pressure opposed to the desired flow of a fluid in a confined place such as a pipe. It is often caused by obstructions or tight bends in the confinement vessel along which it is moving, such as piping or air vents. Because it is really resistance, the term back pressure is misleading as the pressure remains and causes flow in the same direction, but the flow is reduced due to resistance. For example, an automotive exhaust muffler with a particularly high number of twists, bends, turns and right angles could be described as having particularly high back pressure.

To understand how this applies to a turbine let us examine the wind turbine:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz_law

Betz's law is a theory about the maximum possible energy to be derived from a wind turbine developed in 1919 by the German physicist Albert Betz According to Betz's law, no turbine can capture more than 59.3 percent of the kinetic energy in wind. The factor 0.593 is known as Betz's coefficient. The practical significance of the limit is that it shows the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind, independent of the design of a wind rotor in open flow. Most wind turbines operate in the 15% to 25% system output range.

The Betz law means that wind turbines can never be better than 59.3% efficient. The law can be simply explained by considering that if all of the energy coming from wind movement into the turbine were converted into useful energy then the wind speed afterwards would be zero. But, if the wind stopped moving at the exit of the turbine, then no more fresh wind could get in - it would be blocked. In order to keep the wind moving through the turbine, to keep getting energy, there has to be some wind movement on the outside with energy left in it. There must be a 'sweet spot' somewhere - and there is, the Betz limit at 59.3%.

So, when I said I expect the RotoMax Hybrid to outperform all other engines I really meant it. When the HHO that has been detonated in the LFV is injected into the turbine it will rapidly expand to maximum volume transferring it's kinetic energy to the rotor. When the combustion process completes it will rapidly phase change back to liquid water. The volume differential between the gas and liquid phases is huge, and the little tiny drop of water ejected from the exhaust is, well, tiny... so where has all the back pressure gone ? With zero resistance at the exhaust, the following pulse of HHO has nothing slowing it down except the rotor itself, so a correctly sized LFV to Rotor design should, in theory anyway, approach 100% efficiency. It will never quite achieve 100% due to various losses, but I can live with the high 90's...

Take care all, be safe... and remember to have fun!

Rob

[evolvingape]

Here we have Mark Beyer giving a short interview on a Tesla turbine - Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube technology innovation for a solid state self sustaining thruster with a 100% duty cycle.

Mark Beyer on Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube Technology - YouTube

Once you have a solid state thruster and a pulsed state thruster you can control the energy input to the rotor without having to clutch the load on startup. The type of thruster mentioned here should compliment the LFV very well and act as an afterburner during high load periods. I am watching this technology development with interest!

One of the things Mark talks about here is electric hybrids, this is the idea behind the RotoMax Hybrid, the LFV is designed to run on any fuel with a compressed oxidiser, so gasoline would be an excellent interim option while other fuels are investigated. A RotoMax turbine is designed to run as a conventional turbine at a constant speed, charging an alternator converting rotary moment to electricity, and that electricity being available to drive electric motors. So what you are looking at doing is designing a hybrid electric system that has the performance of a sports car with a greater range than a diesel ICE. The advantages for a quick integration into society are high here with the support infrastructure for gasoline already in place.

Now let's look at the proposed integration of Tesla turbines and Vortex tubes into the RotoMax system.

Lardas First Hybrid - HyGaC20

So here we have a thrust injector with the power of a Barrett .50 rifle, add an LFV inside the firing chamber and you have achieved cyclical control.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GuO15WRFRxA

At 54:00 the section on mono crystalline grown blades starts, conquering creep, and perfect for growing an LFV De Laval Nozzle insert.

The engine I designed to accept this thrust input is the RotoMax as you know, which would be made in a similar way to carbon brakes:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrhVHA-3ZBU

Mark talks about a second stage Tesla turbine being used an an air compressor to achieve the fluid flow required for startup, the LFV requires the same thing, although I do not refer to it as a second stage turbine as the fluid flow from the first stage turbine exhaust does not become the prime mover for the second stage turbine. I prefer to call it a secondary accessory drive and is a power take off from the main shaft once the rotor is at self sustaining speed. This will require an electric motor to spin up on startup to give you your compressed air source, but this is standard technology powered from the battery.

The output from the turbine air compressor is used to compress the oxidiser charge in the chamber, and after detonation used as a nitrogen purge for the barrel, cooling it down. The energy is efficiently recycled as this air blast is sent into the RotoMax also cooling it down on it's way through as well as adding a small amount of thrust between LFV firing cycles.

The air coming from the secondary compressor must first be separated into two temperature differentials using the Vortex tube technology, the cold air being used for chamber spot cooling, and the hot air being injected perhaps into it's own rotor on the main shaft or used to drive a small turbine for electrical power generation for control systems.

The final stage of the system is all about heat recovery and for this we look to the Pulsometer. I did not design the RotoMax to run as a rotary Pulsometer, instead it would be much better to look at using chamber dump valve technology to create a supersonic Pulsometer that would use pneumatic and hydraulic principles to inject cold liquid water below 100C into the rotor. A high flow, blow forward valve, would work well here.

So in summary you are looking at a solid state and PWM fuel injection turbine system, with air temperature differential providing cooling. The heat generated in operation is recycled and used to create a static head of steam which is then used to repulse a cold water jet through the engine, providing the mass flow we require to absorb the HHO pulse, in the same way the steam from the Pulsometer repulses the cold water below it from the chamber. The advantage being with a HHO pulse that no insulating air layer is required to separate the different fluids for correct operation...or is it ?

This is the reason I said you have to study both guns and engines in order to understand and integrate either.

The Linear Firing Valve operates on firearm principles with a fast rise time to chamber peak pressure, and a fast opening blowback or blow forward valve.

The Pulsometer operates on gas law principles in a similar way to a pneumatic paintball system and the static pressure head falls as the chamber volume increases.

Rob

[evolvingape]

I have been thinking about Mark Beyers development direction and it got interesting...

A radial compressor of some sort to create the temperature differential we need in the Vortex tube nozzle, has the energy of fluid flow required to create a relative partial vacuum over a venturi, and can therefore suck the fuel into the airflow for ignition at a controlled variable rate.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MvH...1&feature=fvwp

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7i-iiZQzZTo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCYR...feature=fvwrel

An ultrasonic transducer with a fuel such as gasoline, producing vapor in the 10 micron or less range. Additional HHO bubbled up either through the gasoline, passing through both hydraulic and pneumatic elements of the ultrasonic waves system. Or alternatively, introduce the HHO into the pneumatic gas phase at the top, before it enters the venturi and then the airflow to the vortex tube. You can introduce them seperately if you want because the vortex behaviour of the fluid flow provides a thorough mix of the fuel and air before injection into the combustion chamber.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJi9qvlk9cs

Now you have a solid state thrust nozzle powered by gasoline vapour and HHO from the battery supply, which also supplies your start up compressor and ultrasound vibration plate. Once the engine is running we can do a power take off with a PMA to take over those functions. The engine vibrations can also be tuned to produce a vibration frequency in a thin plate to produce ultrasonic vibrations.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUd4WxjoHKY

The engine though, what do we do for that...

I suppose we could consider running a RotoMax hybrid variant with both a turbine and a pump on the same shaft, in the same housing, seperate chambers for both functions of course. Biomass steam reforming and phase change manipulation of near supercritical system fluids, within the engine, is a possibility.

RotoMax Rotary Engine... Tesla - Wankel - Mason HHO Hybrid

And the phase change compressors and phase change generators and engines...

LONG TIME READER GIFTS US With HYDRO-ELECTROLYTIC TURBINE ON DEMAND SYSTEM (plans)

And the solid state and pulsed phase change thrust injectors...

HELIS - Hydro Electro Lytic Injector System

HHO Pulse Combustion Turbine by RM

The superheated electrolysis cell could also be integrated with a biomass gasifier at supercritical operating conditions of the working fluid, and also directly with an LFV on top. Solid state fuel pellets gasified in supercritical water with a solid state or thrust injector integrated at the output of the system.

Superheated Electrolysis and Adiabatic Compression

http://www.ems.psu.edu/~radovic/Xu_IECR_1996.pdf

ScienceDirect.com - Fuel - Hydrothermal flames in supercritical water oxidation: investigation in a pilot scale continuous reactor

ScienceDirect.com - The Journal of Supercritical Fluids - Methane and methanol diffusion flames in supercritical water

Gibbs' phase rule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Supercritical fluid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phase diagram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Critical point (thermodynamics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vapor pressure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Should be an interesting year...

Rob

[evolvingape]

Basic Fuel Processing Plant

This is one of my favourite system technology integrations...

A vertical biomass gasifier with a sleeved water chamber around it, Kelly Kettle style:

Kelly Kettle® - Original & Best | Camping equipment | Camping gear | Survival kit - Home

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Kettle

Light the fire and allow the heat to bring the water sleeve up to a rolling boil, creating a static head of steam pressure. Controlled release of this static gas pressure will run a steam turbine, which drives a pump turbine on the same shaft. You now have a compressed air source to place a partial vacuum suction force on the biomass stack creating airflow through the feedstock. Some of the steam can be introduced to the biomass to help break it down during pyrolysis. You should now be producing a type of syngas or woodgas for a clean burn, without having used any electrical energy to start the process, just a source of fire, a spark.

Now burn your gas through a nozzle of your choice to run the main turbine of your choice, which is coupled to a PMA, transforming rotary moment into electricity output. The electricity is used to run a HELP, located at the entrance to the reactor as per the pdf design:

http://www.ems.psu.edu/~radovic/Xu_IECR_1996.pdf

The HELP being mechanically similar to the Tesla turbine pump will have no problem with small particle solids. The working fluid is a mixture of superheated water and biomass slurry, broken down by the high temperatures and pressures.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superc...uid_extraction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_distillation

If you really wanted to get creative with the system run the HELP in both AC and DC mode at the same time... producing thermal phase change of water and electrolysis in the same high pressure system, with a biomass slurry suspended in a supercritical solvent producing the output product gas. Also consider a wireless DC transmission through the pressure wall, to eliminate the need to seal a rotating HELP shaft, static seals are much more reliable. Once the signal is through the pressure wall wirelessly to run the motor coil, you have all you need to convert to an AC signal for heating, a rotary moment.

A nice and relatively simple fuel processing plant system that only requires wood and a spark to get going...

Rob

[evolvingape]

Here we have a RotoMax Variant, which can be used as a blade spacer profile in a HELP / HELT supercritical water biomass fuel processing system.

RotoMax Rotary Engine... Tesla - Wankel - Mason HHO Hybrid

The blades are made of ceramic, follow an airfoil in shape, and are angled correctly for maximum deflection by impulse, aerodynamic flow and optimum cutting angle. This is a DC powered rotary shredder blade pump, whose spacer blades act as both pressure inducers / absorbers (HELPump / HELTurbine) and also as slicing experts.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFnT5INymiY

The non electrical conducting nature of ceramic as well as its high temperature operating capability make it perfect for electrical isolation in a supercritical water working fluid (supercritical solvent). A biomass processing system such as this will have a maximum particle size it can accommodate in the slurry, this also applies to HELIS. Wood pellets might be a good way to go for a guaranteed uniform size.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_engineering

The advantage of the HELP in AC mode as a heat pump is obvious with the control over temperature it gives you. The DC mode performing electrolysis functions is an unknown potential in a supercritical water solvent working fluid at 374 C and 3200 psi.

Rob

[evolvingape]

Self Governing Piston Dump Valve for Working Fluids

How to build a self actuating pressure differential piston dump valve...

We start with the piston QEV dump valve principle for instantaneous power:

Piston Valves Explained Visually

We then need a method to pilot the valve:

I gotz a 35 bar pushbutton valve : )

and a successful replication, one of many:

update(core pictures)BTB pushbutton valve

a recent elaboration by Brian The Brain which explains the principle clearly:

Push type QDV explained.

and Poland Spud's automatic pressure differential (potential difference) actuator which triggers the pilot, which triggers the piston, and dumps the chamber pressure out through the De Laval nozzle to create a supersonic shockwave:

semiauto MK III - vids

So, when the three technologies discussed here, the piston dump valve, BTB's counter-balanced valve, and Poland Spud's oscillating actuator are combined into one assembly in a specific order an automatic pressure differential governed valve is the result.

Pressure comes in through a restricted inlet (annular tube gap), pushing the piston valve forward to seal the chamber outlet. The pressure is balanced equally in BTB's balanced valve, which is kept closed by the spring bias. Through an annular gap around the piston valve piston a restricted flow fills the chamber. As chamber pressure builds Poland Spud's actuator piston depresses the spring resistance gradually, and eventually extends far enough with enough force to trigger the spring bias in BTB's balanced valve. The pilot chamber dumps to atmosphere, causing a negative pressure differential between the piston dump valve and the chamber pressure, causing the piston dump valve to slam away from the outlet dumping the chamber pressure. The chamber now being at atmospheric pressure allows the spring in Poland Spud's valve to assert force and reset the actuator piston. The process now repeats, and should if the annular restrictions and spring pressures are set correctly oscillate very fast. You have now achieved pulse width modulation of positive pressure potential in an oscillating self governed cycle while maximising power by approaching Time = 0 piston dump valve opening time and shaping the flow to achieve a laminar shockwave.

Have fun...

Rob

[evolvingape]

Automatic Pressure Differential Governed Dump Valve

When we combine Brian the Brain's valve and Poland Spud's valve with the traditional Piston valve in the configuration shown in the PDF we will have an Automatic Pressure Differential Governed Chamber Dump Valve...

The process operates as follows:

Pressurised fluid is forced through the small restriction in the inlet and enters BTB's valve. The valve remains closed due to equal face pressure and the spring bias operating under Hooke's Law, stress and strain.

The only part that can move is the brass bar of the piston valve. This is pushed upwards due to the flat face at the bottom of the bar by the pressure exerted on it. The small annular gap (which is equal to the small gap at the pressure inlet) allows a slow bleed through of fluid pressure into the chamber. The piston valve will seal at the pressure outlet preventing discharge to atmosphere.

The chamber will slowly fill with increasing pressure and because Poland Spud's valve has one side at atmospheric pressure the spring bias will be overcome (unbalanced as opposed to BTB's balanced) and the piston will extend.

When the piston extends far enough it will connect with BTB's valve piston and the spring bias will be overcome, triggering the pilot valve, which will vent pressure rapidly to atmosphere. This pressure reduction will suck the Piston valve downwards and the pressure in the chamber will then dump as fast as it can through the now unrestricted pressure outlet.

The Chamber is now at atmospheric pressure and the spring in Poland Spud's valve will exert itself and reset the piston, allowing BTB's spring bias to also assert itself closing the pilot valve.

The process now repeats in an automatic cycle...

I am going to be using 1/2” BSP fittings for the main body of this device, scaling down to create restrictions and scaling up to get parts inside (if necessary)... BTB's valve and the Piston Dump Valve built into a 1/2” BSP Cross, and Poland Spud's valve built into a 1/2” BSP Tee.

1/2” BSP parallel nipples are 5/8” internal diameter (approx 16mm) allowing me to use 5/8 OD K&S brass tubing as a constant to maintain inner diameter (ID) surface area for balancing pressure. As a general rule of thumb 1/2” taper hex nipples come in <15.88mm and taper barrel nipples come in >15.88mm, some minor polishing to increase ID or gap filling with loctite or silicone boiler sealant/adhesive may be necessary.

I will be using Oilite bushes (normally metric because I like that for compatibility with metric fixings), both flanged and parallel:

Bearings | Oilite Bearing Bushes | Imperial | Metric | Flanged | Plain | Bronze Rods & Bars |

Brass Rod mates very well with Oilite bushes. I am using 8mm which measures 7.95mm OD, Oilite bushes are normally slightly oversized to allow for final reaming on assembly which is very handy as the 7.96mm ID of the bush gives me a perfect off the shelf, self lubricating, piston assembly with the very small annular gap restriction I require. I rarely see custom piston assemblies with tolerances this good except on very expensive high end stuff.

8mm Brass Round Bar Rod CZ121 Varies Length Options | eBay

Brass Bar / Rod has been selected as it is easy to cut a Metric thread using a die to accept Metric nuts, and it should last a good long while:

OS Live Steam Locomotives

I will also be using Oilite bushes to build the floating Oring Assy's, an Oilite bush inside an Oilite bush, with an Oring is a match made in heaven. If I have to ream out the ID of the larger bush the pores can be closed preventing oil release, however, as I will only have to modify the ID of the outer bush the inner bush will remain untouched preserving lubrication properties. Add backup rings as necessary:

Nuts, Bolts, Washers and Fasterners from Nylon Alloys Ltd online shop

I will be initially running tests on compressed air for safety using a small 12V compressor:

Halfords | Halfords 12v Leisure Inflator

I picked one of these up for car tyres from a chinese import shop for £5 (cannot beat that!) and it has an integral pressure gauge up to 250psi, so I can see roughly what pressure the valve is triggering at.

When I am happy with the performance I will integrate a spark plug and 1/2”BSP – 14mm adaptor so I can fill a small chamber with water and run an electrode boiler:

Spark Plug Thread Adaptors Brass 1/2" Pipe down to 14mm | eBay

As a spark plug has the live electrical connection through the center and grounds to the body...

DON'T TOUCH IT!

Or you will get electrocuted... Same safety protocol as the Davey / Savic AC electrode boiler, so please be careful...

Later on I will look at designing an inline version with neodymium magnets allowing me to actuate through a pressure wall, removing the need for floating Orings to seal and also allow me to get rid of the compression springs, unless I decide I want to exploit the potential difference between Hooke's Law and magnetic fields.

Have fun...

Rob

[evolvingape]

Pulse Detonation Engines

Returning to a main theme, some interesting information:

Mythbusters SO9E18 Drain disasters

Shockwave Stun-Cannon

Shchelkin spiral - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://arc.uta.edu/publications/pr_f...lkinSpiral.pdf

http://arc.uta.edu/publications/cp_f...054-ISSW24.pdf

What is the LFV ?

Rob

[evolvingape]

MARCHLABS M13 - YouTube

Possible upgrades:

Single chamber HHO shockwave shaped by an automatic De Laval valve, LFV.

Dual chamber design available with PPR allowing air and fuel injection, either liquid or vapor (with respective potential energy densities), HHO shockwave detonates stoichiometric air / fuel mixture and a thermobaric shockwave forms at the area of maximum compression. This second shockwave is injected into the RotoMax and impacts with the liquid water (can be injected % under phase change temperature ie. 10% under = 90C) at the area of maximum compression in the rotor of the engine.

The thermobaric pressure wave crushes the liquid water and applies high temperature causing a phase change, or two. Run air and water compressors, via direct drive pumps from the output shaft or AC / DC motors via the PMA and battery.

A thermobaric shockwave rotary engine.

Common Fuels for Combustion Spudguns - Spud Wiki

HHO Gun possibility?

Harnessing DDT (deflagration to detonation transition)

Detonation Powered Cannon?