Practical and scientific / technologies mostly Tesla related.

[stivep]

#16 words in blue color represents links(click on it)
Electromagnetic Wave as energy and information carrier.
Electromagnetic wave propagates in free space and propagates as well in confined space by man-made or made by nature waveguides.
Because electromagnetic wave is carried by Photons it it pure energy with no rest mass.
Photon doesn't need medium to travel but if we confine it to waveguide it is happy to be there but physical dimensions of that waveguide must be adjusted to make that "travel" possible.
Example: light is electromagnetic wave that can move inside of fiberoptic waveguide and that is why we have undersea cable between continents.

Energy of electromagnetic wave can be as small as radio signal at AM or FM radio receiver, but the problem till now was to send kW or MW of energy
from any point A to any point B on the surface of the earth. So that is why we have network of electrical HV lines( transmission lines) delivering electricity to us.

The next chapter will cover: existing systems using electromagnetic wave to power devices:
Wesley

[stivep]

#17 words in blue color represents links(click on it)
Existing and new forms of systems using electromagnetic wave to power devices: part1

The problem till now was to send kW or MW of energy from any point A to any point B on the surface of the earth.

and that is why we have network of electrical HV lines( transmission lines) delivering electricity to us.

So how to handle big power level?
One big "guy" or big electric power station at some point A can be conveniently replaced by many of small "guys"/ electric power stations acting together.
By analogy: instead of one "big guy" pushing a car we may ask 20 small girls from local high school and every girl will need to use only one finger to push it.( in direction of given vector)-video

So imagine that we have many points A ( eg A1, A2, A3 and so on..) around entire earth. Each one of them represents source of energy that can deposit it ( send -it) into one "container" or a transmission line....... Well you may say that this is nothing new: (classical physics) - Raindrops ( droplets) from the flat roof goes to one pipe in form of flowing water. so the volume of raindrops is jointly deposited and redirected into one place. But energy of these individual raindrops( droplets) acting together is likely and mostly lost right?

If we have source of natural energy around the earth where always constantly present natural individual energy
sources acting together may sum their energy and human can use it . It is like these raindrops( droplets) or small 10c (dime) coins
making together a volume and value. Humanity was thinking about utilizing energy of 1.4 billion lightnings/y striking earth but
so far they didn't use energy of 1 lightning strike yet . -because they have no idea how to capture its energy at one time
for use at a later time.

Before we go to that let's talk about existing forms of systems locally powering devices not going to its energy storage. ( look in the next to be published part 2)
Wesley

[stivep]

#18 words in blue color represents links(click on it)
Existing and new forms of systems using electromagnetic wave to power devices: part2
forms of WPT systems locally powering devices. Its energy storage is covered in blue color link.

Types of WPT(Wireless Power Transfer)
Inductive Power Transmission :
Inductive energy transfer uses magnetic field energy. It is a transformer. Due to the weak coupling, the efficiency of energy transfer by inductive means is highly dependent on the distance between the coils. As the distance increases, the magnetic field dissipates and more and more of the effective magnetic flux does not reach the receiving coil.
Resonant Inductive Power Transmission:
coupling method is similar to inductive coupling, but has the important distinction that to increase power transfer, loosely coupled coils are supplemented with capacitance to create an oscillating circuit and produce an increased current when the circuit is tuned to resonance. The resonant current induces a resonant magnetic field, which is captured by a receiving circuit tuned to the same resonant frequency, resulting in more power being transmitted.
Capacitive Power Transmission:
the capacitive method uses electric field energy. The system uses metal plate electrodes as the transmitter and receiver, Between the transmitter and receiver plates there is a gap filled with a liquid or gaseous medium, which acts as a dielectric. As in an inductive coupled system, the efficiency of power transfer is highly dependent on the distance between the transmitter and the receiver.
Hybrid (Inductive and Capacitive) Power Transmission :
use both inductive and capacitive coupling for transmission. These systems both the coils for inductive coupling and the metal plates for capacitive coupling are placed on the transmitting and receiving sides. To the best of our knowledge, there are currently no practical examples of applications of hybrid WPT systems.
Conclusions:
it can be concluded that for vehicle charging infrastructure applications, the most promising systems are those based on the resonant-inductive and hybrid method,
All of the above must operate in Near field and that is not what we want.
Some other ways offers microwave dish tracking the object that needs to be powered by it
or laser beam doing the same but use of such method widely is limited to attenuation constant of air and natural curvature of the terrain.

So now it is a time to introduce more closely another way of energy transfer and/or provided by nature energy extraction .
Wesley

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#19 words in blue color represents links(click on it)
Introduction to Surface Wave and Natural waveguide we can utilize ("at home") : part #1
picture below:
types of waves and its specific properties with respect to surface wave.jpg
Electromagnetic surface wave:
Electromagnetic waves can propagate as "surface waves" in that they can be guided along with a refractive index gradient or
along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants.

Figure 1:
We are not interested with Sky wave, Space Wave and Ground wave.
We are only interested with Electromagnetic Surface Wave.
This wave is propagating between two components that must be present :
1. First component: the conductive medium e.g. coper wire or foil or earth surface called lossy conductor.
2. Second component: dielectric medium e.g. Teflon coating of the wire or air that is also dielectric.

These two mediums must be close to each other:
e.g. at best like Teflon coating the wire.
e.g. flat copper foil and air on the top of it.
e.g. surface of the earth( lossy conductor) and Air( dielectric) on the top of it.

This kind of two dimensional waveguide made from conductor and dielectric is widely utilized by commercial applications
The only difference is that We moved to natural (made by nature) form of it .

In higher frequencies used by commercial application the requirement is:
to have two materials having different dielectric constant.(-video) and here !!!! (-video)
That could be two dielectrics of different type or conductor and dielectric Goubau G-line known also as one wire transmission line

The simplest way to understand phrase :

an interface between two media having different dielectric constants

e.g. dielectric material and metal(the conductive material) also have different dielectric constant so the requirement is met.

Wesley

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#20 words in blue color represents links(click on it)
Introduction to Surface Wave and Natural waveguide we can utilize ("at home") : part #2

The surface wave introduced in part #1 is the confined wave restricted in area and traveling inside the waveguide
Example: Teflon coating the wire or enamel coating the wire together is the structure acting as a waveguide.
The space between that coating and the wire looks like 2D space as it closely touches the wire but this exactly space is a wide open highway
for electromagnetic wave to travel in it. that is why Goubau one wire transmission G-lane works :
but even if we have Avramenko fork (-video in Russian) and bare wire we still have wire the conductor and air around - the dielectric, so we still have waveguide.
Yes this waveguide is not flat like waveguide made from copper foil with air on it but it is still a waveguide .

IMPORTANT:
Talking about coils : This video may help a lot https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOSYHUxHxG8
This video shows in minute 6:07 common mistake made by some researchers in measurement :
- Each coil has 10 winds.
- the clamp meter is clamped on 10 winds of coil that has real current in its wire = 0.85A but the meter shows it as 8.54A.
It is due to phase mismatch i AC and polarity mismatch in DC.
the clamp meter is clamped on 10 winds of coil in the middle shows 17.27A for that DC circuit and real current in sum is only 0.85A x2 = 1.7A
https://www.transmillecalibration.co...ing-Errors.pdf

Example for e.g. AC ( however it is the same for AC or DC.) :
The number of turns of the coil is 50 and current delivered to the coil is 1A.
The clamp clamped on these 50 winds meter shows to us 50A but if we clamp it on the single wire it will show us the real 1A
Another Example: if we clamp the clamp meters on 2 wires having for each 1A of current (in phase) we will see the current displayed on the meter 2A
So when looking at Tariel Kapanadze device performance, on his videos please examine if he was clamping his clamp meter on single wire .




Wesley
structure of the interface made from dielectric and conductive medium.jpg

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#21 words in blue color represents links(click on it)
Introduction to Surface Wave and Natural waveguide we can utilize ("at home") : part #3

After reading part #1 and part #2 the reader is now ready for more:

108.jpg
Note: wording "flat" in relation to waveguides is not scientifically recognized terminology I used it for the audience to help them somehow "picture it" .
In this picture you see the two elements of such "flat" waveguide :
1. first element is: the superstrate e.g. air representing dielectric (called dielectric medium)
2. second element is : the substrate e.g. earth representing conductor (- not so good conductor called lossy conductive medium)
One is on the top of the other but both are touching each other.- in this linked picture is shown waveguide made from two slabs conductive(copper) and the dielectric (Teflon)
Between these two for us, there is no physical space but for electromagnetic wave at right frequency and mode it is a high speed highway .

__________________________________________________ _____________________________________________

In our home lab we can create very much easy simulation of such "highway" also using the two elements to create waveguide.
first element:
- piece of copper foil e.g. 10m( 30ft) long on the floor. - that would be our substrate the good conductor called conductive medium)
second element:
- The air that is on the top of this copper foil is our superstrate e.g. air representing dielectric (called dielectric medium)
but to test it we need much more than that.
please look at the picture below:

video two university study4.jpg

As you see you have on this picture:
- three Tesla coils ( one is acting as a transmitter the two other acts as receivers)
-the lightbulb ( acting as the load) is in full brightness and is connected to each one of the two of these Tesla coils.

So this is exactly the test an experimenter may conduct at home to make sure that energy can be send from Point A to point B
In this particular test this particular scientist PhD - didn't use top capacitor - and that was his big mistake.

Note:
I take no responsibility for an experimenter action in regards to personal safety:
HV can be dangerous .
Note:
Frequency of the signal from a generator that is used for testing is important as well as its voltage level.
It acts similar to G-line but is easier to be done.


Wesley

[stivep]

addition#1 to part #20 ( importance of: no measurement error)

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words in blue color represents links(click on it)
Introduction to Surface Wave and Natural waveguide we can utilize ("at home")#2 : part #2

IMPORTANT:
Talking about coils : This video may help a lot https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOSYHUxHxG8

This video shows in minute 6:07 common mistake made by some researchers in measurement :
- Each coil has 10 winds.
- the clamp meter is clamped on entire 10 winds of coil that has real current in its wire = 0.85A but the meter shows it as 8.54A.
10x 0.85A=~8.54A. ( due to 10 times count of magnetic field around the wire)
__________________________________________________ _______________
Often a common error in measurement is due to phase mismatch in AC ////// and polarity mismatch in DC.
- when the clamp meter is clamped on 10 winds of the coil in the middle it shows 17.27A for that DC circuit and real current in sum is only 0.85A x2 = 1.7A
https://www.transmillecalibration.co...ing-Errors.pdf

Example for e.g. AC ( however it is the same for AC or DC.) :
The number of turns of the coil is 50 and current delivered to the coil is 1A.
The clamped on these 50 winds clamp meter shows to us 50A but if we clamp it on the single wire it will show us the real 1A
Another Example: if we clamp the clamp meter on 2 wires and in each of the wires current flow is 1A (in phase) we will see the current displayed on the meter 2A
So when looking at Tariel Kapanadze device performance, on his videos please examine if he was clamping his clamp meter on single wire .


This picture below is from part #20: for more on it look up to find it:
structure of the interface made from dielectric and conductive medium.jpg

Phase of a signal( wave or waveform) is very important in replicating Tariel Kapanadze device based on real physics.
He was not a magician nor he discovered something. Tariel used physical phenomena very much explained and very much known presented by him in such a way that from observer standpoint it looks like something special worth to buy it for right amount of money.
- And indeed “It is worth it”
Tariel Kapanadze didn't understand any of it. He was practitioner who knows that this type or kind or sort of connection must be made for his device to work.
You the audience (despite your education level and experience) looking at green box or aquarium device having no idea nor knowledge of what is inside may be quite puzzled.
It happened to me too but it was me not you who faced his presentation in real time in Tbilisi Georgia Europe.

This video is with English subtitles.

Impedance match:
The second very important factor in Maximizing Power Transfer is

Impedance matching - technique to maximize the power transfer between a source and a load in an electrical circuit.

in other words you are gaining nothing but you not losing anything ( so your loss is equal = 0% and your gain is equal = 0% )
The simplest way to understand 0 of loss is :
- you are walking from your kitchen to your desk a with cup full of fresh tasty coffee trying to do not spill it on its way. in result you may have ZERO (0) loss of coffee.
- or trying to tight the nut on the bolt having different threat e.g. nut is imperial pitch and bolt is metric pitch. In result it may hold somehow but is not perfect so mechanically you are experiencing losses in energy used to tight it and in rigidity.

I'm going to say more about it in the next
addition#2 to part #20

Wesley

[stivep]

addition#2 to part #20 ( the importance of: impedance matching)

Impedance match:
The second very important factor in Maximizing Power Transfer is

Impedance matching - technique to maximize the power transfer between a source and a load in an electrical circuit.

( your loss is equal = 0% and your gain is equal = 0% )

addition#2 to part #20
adjusting the input impedance or output impedance of an electrical device for a desired value: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matching

other: https://youtu.be/QLUrwoHRLJM?t=198 Impedance Matching 101
https://youtu.be/wzp2lC87JVs?t=219 51 - LC Matching Networks - Part 2

analogy to impedance matching in practice:
e.g. matching a key to a door lock, allows you to open the door to the flow of the human, traffic.
result: matching the impedance allows you to open "the door" to the flow of electric signal/current/wave, traffic.



Winding Tesla Coil: (Tesla Coil Winding Machine)

Practical advice in the two Tesla coils assembly:
The first Tesla is connected to signal generator and is acting as your transmitter Tx.
The second Tesla coil is connected to oscilloscope and is acting as your receiver Rx.
The distance between the two Tesla coils in Far Field can be 100km/ miles or 10 m /ft only.
Your generator output = 50 Ohms and your Tesla coil primary winding impedance at 17kHz is not 50 Ohms.
You need to match these two by changing frequency or by using capacitor/coil/or transformer - it means
changing the value of L and/or C (the two reactive components of impedance)
-here exactly in this moment on the video the impedance mismatch in lightbulb is presented https://youtu.be/NQ7J04Tr80A?t=45
full video is here:

Tesla coil is air transformer but in low low frequencies e.g. 50Hz impedance match is not as heavily critical so the guy just connected two transformers together, perfectly OK.

In our effort to Energy for Free:
You can't replicate the Tariel Kapanadze device without impedance matching,
and with all due respect to all of you : I have no need to convince you that this is real and doable .
I dedicated my time here to provide the knowledge of real physics . Your brain uses it or loses it.
I do not care much nor I think it is important to me to change the world or world of human species.

Wesley

[stivep]

addition #3 to part #20 ( The importance of: HV)
In the two additions to the part #20 I pointed at : measurement error, and impedance matching. ( high schooler, level of difficulty)
The lower is the frequency the less critical is impedance matching: ( it takes to much space to explain why. Please take it as a statement)
e.g. at 50 Hz AC an electrician doesn't care much unless it is HV Power transmission line, and only in some aspects of it.
The lower is the frequency the more difficult is to build the antenna impedance matching at high voltages.
But key to my own success in replication of Tariel Kapanadze ( it means Tesla) was exactly HV.

and the voice there is mine.
So it was me so many years ago quite confused with my new toy but the HV at 450kHz was quite impressive.
I didn't have enough of time to support my statement about HV. I may do it later.


Wesley