Turbojet Engine | Gas Turbines | DIY

[Aaron]

Performance of Ammonia-Fired Gas-Turbine Combustors

Defense Technical Information Center Accession Number : AD0657585
Title : PERFORMANCE OF AMMONIA-FIRED GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTORS

Descriptive Note : Technical rept.

Corporate Author : CALIFORNIA UNIV BERKELEY THERMAL SYSTEMS DIV
Personal Author(s) : Pratt, D. T.
Handle / proxy Url : writeHandle("http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD657585"); http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD657585 Check NTIS Availability...

Report Date : AUG 1967

Pagination or Media Count : 35

Abstract : A theoretical and experimental program was undertaken to investigate scaling and combustion in gaseous ammonia-fired gas turbine combustors. Theoretical analysis of performance and scale test data previously performed strongly indicates that the final size chosen for an operating gas turbine is performance-limited almost equally by chemical reaction kinetics (residence time) and by turbulent diffusion or mixing processes (velocity or Reynolds number). Experimental results confirmed that a small-diameter combustor is chemically rate-limited at pressures very slightly less than the minimum previously reported, and becomes limited almost equally by chemistry and mixing at higher pressures. The fundamental problem with utilizing gaseous ammonia as a turbine fuel is certainly the relatively slow (compared to hydrocarbon fuels) chemical reaction between ammonia and air. As air flow is reduced, to allow sufficient residence time for the reaction to progress, diminished Reynolds number effects lead to less efficient mixing. This in turn leads to decreased combustion efficiency. The only apparent solutions (apart from chemical enrichment by cracking or use of additives) are to use a smaller fuel nozzle orifice to create a more vigorous fuel jet in the primary zone, and to use two or more combustors in parallel rather than build a single larger combustor.

Descriptors : *GAS TURBINES, *COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, *AMMONIA, COMBUSTION, FUELS, FUEL NOZZLES, SCALE, REACTION KINETICS, DIFFUSION, REYNOLDS NUMBER, PERFORMANCE(ENGINEERING), GAS FLOW

Subject Categories : COMBUSTION AND IGNITION
FUELS
JET AND GAS TURBINE ENGINES

Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

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[Aaron]

Ammonia cleaning nox

Gas-Turbine-Theory-solution

[Aaron]

Experimental Study of Rankine Cycle Using Ammonia-Water Mixture as a Working Fluid

http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/929010


Experimental Study of Rankine Cycle Using Ammonia-Water Mixture as a Working Fluid

Document Number: 929010
Date Published: August 1992
Author(s):
Masato Taki - Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.
Tsunehiko Sugiura - Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.
Tadashi Tanaka - Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.
Isamu Osada - Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Tokuji Matsuo - Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Yasushi Mori - Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.



Abstract:
The rankine cycle using ammonia-water mixture as a working fluid has been studied theoretically by several researches. Analytically, its plant efficiency is higher than that of a conventional steam rankine cycle operating at relatively low temperatures. Typical applications are gas turbine combined cycles, geothermal power plants and ocean thermal power plants.
The purpose of this study is to investigate experimentally the applicability of this cycle to a bottoming cycle of a gas turbine combined plant. Authors' major concerns are plant efficiency, durability of materials and stability of ammonia-water at relatively high temperature region, as well as plant economy.


This paper describes the results of the experimental studies on the above problems

[Aaron]

Development of Gas Turbine Combustor for the Gasified Fuels

http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200406/000020040604A0100621.php


Development of Gas Turbine Combustor for the Gasified Fuels

Accession number;04A0100621 Title;Development of Gas Turbine Combustor for the Gasified Fuels Author;SATO MIKIO(Cent. Res. Inst. of Electr. Power Ind., JPN) HASEGAWA TAKEHARU(Cent. Res. Inst. of Electr. Power Ind., JPN) HISAMATSU TOORU(Cent. Res. Inst. of Electr. Power Ind., JPN) KOIZUMI HIROMI(Hitachi, Ltd.) HAYASHI AKINORI(Hitachi, Ltd.) YAMADA MASAHIKO(Toshiba Corp.) ONODA AKIHIRO(Toshiba Corp.) MANDAI SHIGEMI(Mitsubishi Heavy Ind., Ltd., JPN) INADA MITSURU(Mitsubishi Heavy Ind., Ltd., JPN) Journal Title;Denryoku Chuo Kenkyujo Yokosuka Kenkyujo Sogo Hokoku
Journal Code:L0154A
ISSN:
VOL.;NO.W17;PAGE.120P(2003) Figure&Table&Reference;FIG.133, TBL.22, REF.279 Pub. Country;Japan Language;Japanese

Abstract;Development of the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation of various gasifying methods has been preceded in the world for near future thermal power plant. The gasified fuel is chiefly characterized by the gasifying agent and the synthetic gas clean-up method, and divided roughly into four types. That is, the calorific value of gasified fuel differs according to the type of gasification agent used in the gasifier. If the gasification agent is air, then gasified fuel forms a low calorific fuel of around 4MJ/m3, which is about one-tenth of LNG. The flame temperature is low because gasified fuel contains about 70 percent nitrogen different from LNG, and it is necessary to stabilize the flame of low calorific fuel. On the other hand, if the agent is oxygen, then the gasified fuel becomes a medium calorific fuel between approximately 9-13 MJ/m3, the flame temperature is higher than that of LNG, and so NOx production from nitrogen fixation in air is expected to increase. It is necessary to control the thermal NOx emissions. Moreover, to improve the thermal efficiency of IGCC, it is necessary to use a hot/dry type synthetic gas clean-up system, but ammonia (NH3) originated from nitrogenous compounds in coal in the gasifier is not removed. This NH3 is then fed into the gas turbine where it forms fuel-NOx in the combustion process. For these reasons, the combustion technology for each gasified fuel and the ammonia removal technique from gasified fuels are important. In this research, We clarified the combustion characteristic of these four types of gasified fuels through experiments using a small diffusion burner and through numerical analysis based on reaction kinetics. We propose the low-NOx combustion technology for each gasified fuel, design the gas turbine combustors, and verified the combustor performances by the combustion tests using the simulated gasified fuels.... (author abst.)

[Aaron]

Combustion of Ammonia for Reduced CO2 in Heating and Power Generation Systems

Combustion of Ammonia for Reduced CO2
in Heating and Power Generation Systems


Grant # 08F-03
Principal Investigator: Terrence Meyer
Student:
Organization: Iowa State University
Technical Area: Renewable Energy


Public Abstract


Ammonia has been utilized as an alternative fuel to power internal combustion (IC) engines since the 1940’s, and interest in ammonia as an alternative fuel for military applications led to successful demonstrations of ammonia combustion in gas-turbine engines in the 1960’s. Recently, this interest has been renewed by concern over greenhouse gas emissions. Like hydrogen, the products of ammonia combustion with air are potentially composed of only nitrogen and water. Unlike hydrogen, however, there is a well-established infrastructure for mass storage and worldwide distribution of ammonia. The proposed work is concerned primarily with a class of stationary combustors that are common in furnaces for home/ industrial heating, as well as in gas turbines for power generation. In fact, gas turbines are one of the fastest growing devices for power generation due to their relative efficiency and scalability. There is a growing interest in using micro-turbines, for example, to achieve a more secure, distributed power grid with flexible fuels.



However, combustion of ammonia is not as straightforward as combustion with conventional fuels because it is more difficult to ignite, requires more time to burn, and does not release as much energy. The goal of the proposed work, therefore, is to develop advanced combustion control strategies that allow the utilization of ammonia for use in homes and small-scale, industrial combined heating/power systems.



Initial work will involve facility set-up and combustor design to achieve reliable ignition and flame stability. Strategies for ammonia injection, combustion staging, heat recirculation, and proper combustor sizing will play important roles in the design process. During this effort, combustion chamber and exhaust gas concentrations of critical species such as nitric oxide, water, and temperature will be measured to characterize the effects of mixing and preheating on ammonia combustion and emissions. This work will take place in close collaboration and consultation with Goodrich Turbine Fuel Technologies (TFT), an industry partner headquartered in Des Moines, Iowa that specializes in the production of gas-turbine combustion nozzles and control systems.


Based on this effort, it is fully expected that a new combustor design will be pursued in a second generation burner with controlled recirculation for optimizing combustion efficiency. This will allow for the design of a tailored temperature distribution for increasing flame speed and improving flammability limits. However, it will be critical to ensure that stable combustion can be achieved without an increase in unwanted NO emissions.



In addition, control of temperature through proper staging of chemical reactions and appropriate combustor sizing will be required in the final design to avoid excessive unburned ammonia in the exhaust. The collaboration with Goodrich TFT will be critical in this phase as the fuel system delivery components will be used to optimize the fuel-air mixture.
The outcome of this work will include a facility for studying and optimizing ammonia utilization in home and industrial heating and power systems, a first generation burner to study ignition and flame stability, and a second generation burner optimized for efficiency and reduced emissions. A preliminary product design and commercialization strategy for an opportune target application is also anticipated based on close collaboration with industry.

[wrench76]

Homebrew jet engines

Here are some home brew jet engines someone just sent to me.
Design News - Gadget Freak - Gadget Freak Jr.: Homebrew Jet Engines

[snowmaker55]

World's Smallest JET POWERED Monster Truck project

Check out this sweet little machine- Project Designers
Built for exhibition and not speed. Unique engine mount design will allow
the jet engine to spew smoke and fire either horizontal or vertical. This is one of 5 engines built, 3 went to NASA, 1 still owned by Jeff Seymour, and the last one for this project. OUt of the 5 this is the only motor with a dedicated afterburner. Estimated thrust is 100 lbs.

[snowmaker55]

Just for Fun- Jet Powered Cheese Wedge

Just a "therapy" project called THE CHEESE-N-ATOR https://youtu.be/Pa-9sxUlz-w