What is Electric Current?

[Harvey]

The skin effect and the proximity effect are real empirically proven events and the cause is well known and even used for engineered applications. For example, where the weight of an apparatus may be an important factor, high voltage and frequency transmission systems may be used which are purposely designed to take advantage of this characteristic. By raising the voltage we lower the amperage for the same power transmission. By raising the frequency, we can eliminate the central portion of the conductor and just use the outside skin - so the conductor is tubular. This gives us a lighter weight system.

The proximity effect is real also. In fact, it may be a significant cause for the increased heat in the inductive resistor tests being done in other parts of this forum. While the DC baseline may offer a resistance of 10 Ohms, the same part may appear to be up to 10 times that at certain AC frequencies. Power is I²R, so if the same current is forced through the higher resistance by the huge BEMF spikes, then the dissipated power could be 10 times greater than the DC baseline.

We have evidence that Electric Current can be propagated by many different methods. Whether the charges are smacked along by chain reactions, or sequenced by Ion or Electron drift or accelerated by particle emission through a vacuum (mandatory for vacuum tube technology), they all have the same thing in common - charge motion. When electric charges move, regardless of electrical polarity or value, and regardless of how far they move or by what method they move, and electric current is said to flow.

So, when 61,000 Watts of power is dumped into the FM Antenna, which is really just an open ended wire, what does the current profile look like? Where does the current flow? How is the power dissipated? Do new currents at remote locations begin to flow as a result? Have charges moved in between? Is there any difference between this radiation and luminous radiation other than frequency? How does wave polarization play a part?

[sucahyo]

When you light a light bulb using ordinary transverse power, the filament gets hot and dissipates part of the energy in form of heat. But when you draw longitudinal energy in a light bulb, the wire acts like a superconductor at room temperature and the ohm's law is not applicable while using longitudinal wave energy. For that reason there is a special bright white light, while you light bulb is on.

Same thing, they melt or vaporize:
Gary vassilatoss "Lost science"

A magnifying system which magnified much smaller infinitesimals than viruses appeared in 1891. Nikola Tesla developed a remarkable carborundum point vacuum lamp and made an accidental observation, which opened a new world of vision to science.

Tesla began inventing single wire vacuum lamps for purposes of illumination. These were large glass globes powered by very rapidly impulsed currents. The impulse currents made the single supported wires glow to white brilliance, melting them. Impractical for public use, he sought to alleviate this condition by using special crystals. High melting points were required. An assortment of such materials were poised at the single wire termination. When electrified, they suddenly became radiant.

His experiments included using diamond, ruby, zircon, zirconia, carbon, and carborundum. *He found it possible to blast the natural gems after a few seconds' electrification time. But before exploding, each of these crystalline terminations released puzzling patterns of light across the globe surface. This symmetrical pattern of points attracted Tesla's attention. They appeared when the current was turned on for just an instant.

About sphere:

Tesla discovered that excessive sparking, though impressive to observers, were actually "lossy instabilities". The distant radiant effects he desired were interrupted and distorted whenever sparking occurred. Both sparking and brush discharges actually ruined the distant broadcast effects of radiant elec*tricity, a situation that had to be remedied. Tesla sought elimination of the discharges now. Tesla had already found that metals could focus radiant elec*trical effects. Additional stability in his Transformers could be achieved with the addition of large copper spheres to the active terminals. Tesla considered copper spheres to be "Aether gas reservoirs", providing his transmitters with an additional Aether gas supply.
...
Tesla took the gas dynamic analogy to another level when he found that both low pressure gaseous and vacuum tubes could replace copper. Electro-*radiant effects from gas-filled globes were projected with less electrical loss and even greater power. Large low-pressure argon gas filled globes were empirically found to broadcast tremendous radiance when used atop his trans*mitters. Additionally, he found that argon gas at low pressures could serve as an equivalent receiver as pure copper spheres.

About current:

J.J. Thomson discovered electrons in vacuum discharges; assuming that these "electric particles" operated in all instances where electrical activity was observed. Victorian researchers did not accept this view completely. Thomson's "electrons" were viewed as the result of violent collisions across a vacuum acceleration space. It was not possible to ascertain whether these same "Thomson currents" were active within electrical conductors operating at small voltages.

Very reputable experimenters besides Tesla continued claiming that "space flowing electricity" is the real electricity. Tesla's classic demonstrations proved that rapid electrical impulses actually exceed the ability of fixed charges to transmit the applied forces. Charges lag where electrostatic forces continue propagating. One is compelled to see that electrostatic forces precede the movement of charges.

Tesla saw that electrostatic impulses could flow without line charges. His "zero current coils" operated simply because the charges themselves were immobilized. Electricity was shown to be more in the nature of a flowing force rather than a stream of massive particles. But what then was this "flow*ing current"?

In Tesla's view, radiant electricity is a space flowing current, which is NOT made of electrons. Later Victorians believed that there was a substance, which both filled all space and permeated all matter. Several serious researchers claimed to have identified this gas. Notables, such as Mendeleev predicted the existence of several ultra-rare gases, which preceded hydrogen. These, he claimed, were inert gases. This is why they were rarely detected. The inert gases, which Mendeleev predicted, formed an atmosphere, which flooded all of space. These gaseous mixtures composed the Aether.

Tesla and others believed that both electrical and magnetic forces were actually streams of Aether gas, which had been fixated in matter. Materials were somehow "polarized" by various "frictive" treatments by which an Aether gas flow was induced in them. Most materials could maintain the flow in*definitely, since no work was required on their part. Matter had only to re*main polarized, transducing the Aether flow. The Aether gas contained all the power. Unlimited power.

[Harvey]

After demonstrating the practicability of this method of transmission, the thought naturally occurred to me to use the earth as a conductor, thus dispensing with all wires. Whatever electricity may be, it is a fact that it behaves like an incompressible fluid, and the earth may be looked upon as an immense reservoir of electricity, which, I thought, could be disturbed effectively by a properly designed electrical machine - Nikola Tesla

"The Problem of Increasing Human Energy" by Nikola Tesla

Google Book Version

Colorado Springs Notes

[sucahyo]

Google Book Version

Page 111 of that is also interesting since Tesla refer to JJ Thomson.

Prof. J.J. Thomson's view of the phenomena under consideration seems to be that they are wholly due to electro-magnetic action. I was at one time, of the same opinion, but upon carefully investigating the subject I was led to the conviction that they are more of an electrostatic nature.
...
I did not doubt that luminousity could be excited in a closed tube when electrostatic action is completely excluded.
...
But many experiments performed at that time proved to me that the electrostatic effect we generally of far greter importance, admitted of a more satisfactory explanation of most of the phenomena observed.

In using the term electrostatic I had reference rather to the nature of the action than to a stationary condition, which is the usual acceptance of the term.
...
We would still have to deal with an electrostatic effect, and in addition an electro dynamic effect would be observed.

The bold part should be important to notice that Tesla is once have different opinion.

And page 561:

Imagine the earth to be a bag of rubber filled with water, ...

[Joit]

What is Resistance then ?, and how is it that some materials are better conductors ? - Is it the ability to transfer extra electrons to an outer shell?

I look at Coal on that or Graphit, because much Resistors are made from that,
and anyhow i think, it blocks the magnetic Field by prevent to transfer this Bumbs.
Either the Material is to smooth, and it aborbs it, or it is to strong aligend,
that the Atoms or whatever dont swing enough.
Beside there occurs Heat.
And well, that is now my (or our, lol) Model from it. But i cant see anyhow,
that there is stuff moving from 1 point over the other over long distances.
I more think, every part has his aligned Particles.

This Experiments with Particles, where it shows, they have Memory and act the same.
I dont think they have Memory, but there is a Potential Field, what let them act
even over Distance the same.
And Tesla even showed, that he can interact with a Coil with a Storm,
what was close to his Work, it more looks like a EM field or magnetic field
what has and creates Potentials, even when its in very long tubes.

At Wires ie, where you create the Current, they stay for a long time like they are, and only natural brake.
But they dont deplete from using them to create Energy.
But what the part is, where Power is really usable, i am some uncertain about.
For Sparks ie, i can figure, it are either Particel what are absolute clean,
what are jumping over,
or, the both Poles, what you use create the Potential difference,
where they drag the Dirty Stuff away, and show the 'light'
Thats the Point from the Gas/Plasma/ or Aether.
Figure, our whole Enviroment exist from a lot raw stuff,
and also from very much very fine Stuff,
what maybe all did burn once, and moldered into theyr Components.
All this Stuff must still fly anywhere around us, and some of them are maybe so small,
that they are not effected from other Parts,
But some of this Stuff is maybe that, what still reacts with magnetic Fields,
or with the bumbs, as eddy currents.
This Universe is anyway only paradox. A lot Things are the same,
but are not exatly the same, and the cause is mostly the exactly opposite
from the effect.
And at another Side i think, we need to continue to learn at the Time,
where Tesla and others did stop, because what we got since then,
was mostly only turning the Facts and showing a wrong Science
with a wrong View.

But Resistance is importend anyhow to make a Balance between
different components to prevent Heat in some cases,
and i wonder, or think about, why or how actually you can put a resistor
into a System, where you create once Energy, but have a Resistance
like a Load at the System.
No Resistance needed, because it creates it by its own at the Source?
Again a Paradoxon, lol

[Harvey]

This is an often overlooked fact regarding Electrical Energy exchange:

When Energy in any form is converted to electrical potential and applied to a distance where that energy must travel for a period of time, the energy is not used up unless first it meets with a resistance.

This is related to mechanical work as outlined in the work theorem

We also see a relationship to the Thermodynamic Work


In very simple terms, if our inductors or capacitors did not have any resistance in them at all, then no power would be dissipated in them because no work would be done. This is what is observed empirically in superconducting coils. In fact, real superconducting coils used by scientists in linear accelerators, contain special aluminum shorting conductors on the outside of the coils to prevent eternal unwanted oscillations in the coils.

Therefore, in electronics, the only time we really expend power is when the electrical energy is converted to another form such as Electro-Magnetic (EM) propagation. Yes, infra red wave energy is EM propagation as is white light from a tungsten filament as are radio waves and lasers.

So what is really happening in these cases? A DC flashlight lamp may not seem like an oscillator, but it is. It converts DC from the battery to poly-frequency visible light EM transmissions. The Blue LED on your PlayStation III does a similar thing but is a mono-frequency emitter as are lasers. Fluorescent paint is an interesting material which absorbs UV energy and retransmits a large portion of that in the visible light spectrum associated with its pigments.

The world is full of EM converters which we normally take for granted. And the most important thing to understand is that these events occur at the atomic level. They represent energy interactions between atoms in a given material. Earlier in this thread it was wrongly stated that electron current flow could not exist because of the Pauli Exclusion Principle and I had intended prior to cover that in detail, but now feel it would be seen as an argument which is not worth having. In reality, it is this principle that encourages electron current flow. The reason for this is that those conductors which have a full complement of electrons meeting the four quantum states, cannot accept another with the same quantum state and thus such an electron must 'move on' to find an atom willing to accept it. That is all I will say on the matter and it is up to the readers to educate themselves as to the truth in this regard.

So, then, resistance really is an obstacle to electric current and that obstacle often provides and excellent means to converting the electric energy into other forms of energy ready to be used. A heating wire for example can power a Sterling Engine, and thus the Electric Energy becomes mechanical energy. An induction motor may apply electric current directly to motive force, thereby converting the electric current to kinetic energy because of magnetic load transfers which cause resistance to the electrical current. And the list goes on and on.

What about electro-static, or as was quoted earlier, electro-dynamic? Surely if I rub a balloon on the Cat and then stick it to the wall no electric current has flowed, has it? Well, actually it has - but not in the way you may think. It may not have used a metal conductor, but it still has flowed because charges moved. Where opposite charges exist with a dielectric between them, an attractive force is present between them. Likewise, where same charges exist with a physical constraint to prevent the separation of them from each other, a repulsive force exists between them - this is what we call voltage. The higher the tension, the higher the voltage.

But the question has been posed as to whether or not a zero current system could do work. The answer to this is no. The reason it is no is because work always involves motion. And because the 'voltage only' scenario must move charges to do work, then current is said to have flowed by virtue of the charge motion. It is just not the same form of current so many are familiar with, but it is electric current nonetheless.

[sucahyo]

But the question has been posed as to whether or not a zero current system could do work. The answer to this is no.

That could led to different meaning. zero output current may not perform work, but zero input current may.

Some believe that their system has output greater than input. If we offset the difference, zero input current perform work by forcing the output part to produce it's own current. Or without offset, forcing output to produce more current than input.

[Harvey]

Perhaps the meaning is: Where a device is operating in over unity mode, the net input current could be zero while the net output current could be greater than zero.

Such a device would an open system where output current is derived from an external power source.

For example, T. H. Moray used atmospheric charge as the external power source and only used his arm and a moving magnet as the input power. In his multi-frequency oscillator he would setup a biasing current along his collector wire which would ionize the surrounding air molecules and slowly make a pathway for atmospheric charges to find balance through his device. Essentially, he was making the air a big transistor and his device was inserting the base current while the atmosphere was the collector and the earth was the emitter. His specially designed coaxial antenna provided the NPN - PNP junctions. Once operating, a portion of the collected energy was stored and fed back to the oscillators. So, in this sense, there was zero input current on the initialization (input) coil once the device was operating. http://thmoray.org/images/affidavit.pdf

[MrMagAmp]

Hi guys,
Sorry for the late reply, but in the week I has been working and I didn't have internet access.

@Joit

What do we know or measure as Voltage?

If energy = pure voltage = order.
If we measure the dissipation of energy, we maybe are measurin the dissipation of order. So, maybe we're really measuring the dissipation of order of a ordered system.

Harvey
After demonstrating the practicability of this method of transmission, the thought naturally occurred to me to use the earth as a conductor, thus dispensing with all wires. Whatever electricity may be, it is a fact that it behaves like an incompressible fluid, and the earth may be looked upon as an immense reservoir of electricity, which, I thought, could be disturbed effectively by a properly designed electrical machine - Nikola Tesla

Yes, but we're looking in the 99% of the cases, for electromagnetic-transverse energy. I think that it's a big error. The entire spacetime continuous is a tremendous reservoir of scalar-longitudinal energy, but not of transverse-electromagnetic energy. Tesla was right saying that at any point in the universe there is a big amount of energy.
The question is:
1) That longitudinal energy has electrons? or it's a massless-virtual (electron deficient) form of electricity?

2) If it's a electron-defficient form of electricity.. What is the name of the particle of that electricity manifestation? We know the Ether is a nobel gas (at least 1 gas, maybe more gases), that has a tremendous density and it's virtual (massless, electron deficient) form of electricity.

Prof. J.J. Thomson's view of the phenomena under consideration seems to be that they are wholly due to electro-magnetic action. I was at one time, of the same opinion, but upon carefully investigating the subject I was led to the conviction that they are more of an electrostatic nature.

So, again, Tesla says more about the "pure potential" nature of this electricity.

Originally Posted by Richie_asg1
What is Resistance then ?, and how is it that some materials are better conductors ? - Is it the ability to transfer extra electrons to an outer shell?

I think that this is one of the biggest questions to answer. What really is resistance and how it's affected by different materials?
I think, you've pushed the main button.
Maybe the Ohm's law is not applicable to all cases?
Maybe we assume that Ohm's law is fully applicable to all manifestations of electricity and this is the biggest error? Who knows...



electrostatica
electrocutados

[Schpankme]

...EM converters ... events occur at the atomic level. They represent energy interactions between atoms in a given material...


In reality, it is this principle that encourages electron current flow. The reason for this is that those conductors which have a full complement of electrons meeting the four quantum states, cannot accept another with the same quantum state and thus such an electron must 'move on' to find an atom willing to accept it.


...it is up to the readers to educate themselves as to the truth...


What about electro-static, or as was quoted earlier, electro-dynamic?
Surely if I rub a balloon on the Cat and then stick it to the wall no electric current has flowed...It may not have used a metal conductor, but it still has flowed because charges moved.

Harvey,

In your Cat and Hair (balloon) scenario what was the CONDUCTOR used ?

Between the Balloon and Wall -- How did the "electron 'move .. on' to find an atom willing to accept it" ?

Now if were talking AC, would there need to be another atom waiting in the CONDUCTOR to move the electron for the return trip ?

Schpankme

“You people should consider yourselves lucky that I'm granting you an audience tomorrow instead of 20 years from now.” - Wizard of Oz

[Schpankme]

The entire spacetime continuous is a tremendous reservoir of scalar-longitudinal energy, but not of transverse-electromagnetic energy.

MrMagAmp,

Could you identify in your own words what "spacetime" means to you?


Schpankme

“The gift of fantasy has meant more to me than my talent for absorbing positive knowledge.” - Albert Einstein

[MrMagAmp]

Whe I say spacetime continuous I mean the observable universe. In other words, I mean the energetic matrix. It's like the building block of this physical reality.

Someone calls it the "vacuum", others the quantum universe, etc... but in simple words: all the physical reality that you can travel throught it.

[Schpankme]

spacetime continuous ...the observable universe ... the energetic matrix ... the building block of this physical reality.

MrMagAmp,

It's a pleasure reading your posts, and I appreciate your honest definition to my question about spacetime. I'll make note that your spacetime is what I call the Aether.

Schpankme

"You can avoid reality, but you cannot avoid the consequences of avoiding reality." - Ayn Rand

[MrMagAmp]

Thanks Schpankme,

The aether, ether, etc... is other definitions to explain the same thing.
Basically, you need to know that the spacetime continuous is like a matrix, that is made of a chemical compound.

We know that the Earth atmosphere is made of oxygen and other gases. So, the "ether atmosphere" (that is in the entire universe) is made also of other gases. This aetheric atmosphere is composed at least of two gases. Dimitry Mendeleev, the father of the periodic table of the chemical elements, discovered that there was at least other chemical compounds that are omitted in the classic periodic table. One of these elements is called Coronium
Coronium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This nobel gas is situated in the group 0 of the nobel gases. But these compound have a special characteristic: they're non-physical elements. When I say "Non-physical elements", I mean they are massless elements (virtual, electron defficient, atomic number less than 1, lighter than hydrogen). So, they're also called "Pre-Hydrogen" elements.
These chemical compound are omitted in the classic periodic table, but they exist. The problem is they have no electron orbiting. They are between physical and non-physical reality. We can interact with them, but we need to remember that they are not observable elements. We observe their effects, but we cannot observe directly to them with our senses. They are like plasma or other similar thing.

So, the ether is a gaseous medium, composed for two nobel gases (at least).
It has a tremendous density and condensation of high entropy (randomness) sub-electronic particles.

[Schpankme]

I mainly learnt this from Tesla, Bearden, Don Smith, T.H. Moray and Vassilatos.

Be cautions when those who should know better digress into fairytale and Einstein-Relativistic-Babble; pointing you towards failed theory. Here's an example of a credible source, which quickly turns into Babble.

Unique Properties of the "Scalar" Potential

In 1903 Whittaker [7] showed that a "scalar" potential is not at all what they taught and still teach in EM theory. If one hasn't read Whittaker 1903, one will need to do so.

As Whittaker shows, the scalar potential is a harmonic set of bidirectional longitudinal EM wavepairs, where each pair of bidirectional longitudinal waves (LWs) is a phase conjugate pair. In short, a "scalar" potential identically is a multivectorial, multiwave entity — but comprised of longitudinally polarized EM waves, and those waves come in bidirectional pairs. Since in each phase conjugate pair one wave is "time-forward" and the other is "time-reversed" [8], time-reversal and time-forward perturbations occur paired and simultaneously in nature's electrodynamics. This "simultaneously organized duality" is erroneously omitted, however, in core Maxwellian electrodynamics theory.

So the "scalar" potential is not even a scalar entity. Since Whittaker 1903, the proof has been in the literature nearly a century and it has just been ignored. -- Thomas E. Bearden


Schpankme

“If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts.” - Albert Einstein