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Anomalous properties of water
Water phase anomalies
Water has unusually high melting point.
Water has unusually high boiling point.
Water has unusually high critical point.
Solid water exists in a wider variety of stable (and metastable) crystal and amorphous structures than other materials.
The thermal conductivity of ice reduces with increasing pressure.
The structure of liquid water changes at high pressure.
Supercooled water has two phases and a second critical point at about -91°C.
Liquid water is easily supercooled but glassified with difficulty.
Liquid water exists at very low temperatures and freezes on heating.
Liquid water may be easily superheated.
Hot water may freeze faster than cold water; the Mpemba effect.
Warm water vibrates longer than cold water.
Water density anomalies
The density of ice increases on heating (up to 70 K).
Water shrinks on melting.
Pressure reduces ice's melting point.
Liquid water has a high density that increases on heating (up to 3.984°C).
The surface of water is more dense than the bulk.
Pressure reduces the temperature of maximum density.
There is a minimum in the density of supercooled water.
Water has a low coefficient of expansion (thermal expansivity).
Water's thermal expansivity reduces increasingly (becoming negative) at low temperatures.
Water's thermal expansivity increases with increased pressure.
The number of nearest neighbors increases on melting.
The number of nearest neighbors increases with temperature.
Water has unusually low compressibility. [Explanation]
The compressibility drops as temperature increases up to 46.5°C.
There is a maximum in the compressibility-temperature relationship.
The speed of sound increases with temperature up to 74°C.
The speed of sound may show a minimum.
'Fast sound' is found at high frequencies and shows an discontinuity at higher pressure.
NMR spin-lattice relaxation time is very small at low temperatures.
The NMR shift increases to a maximum at low (supercool) temperatures
The refractive index of water has a maximum value at just below 0°C.
The change in volume as liquid changes to gas is very large.
Water material anomalies
No aqueous solution is ideal.
D2O and T2O differ significantly from H2O in their physical properties.
Liquid H2O and D2O differ significantly in their phase behavior.
The mean kinetic energy of water's hydrogen atoms increases at low temperature.
Solutes have varying effects on properties such as density and viscosity.
The solubilities of non-polar gases in water decrease with temperature to a minimum and then rise.
The dielectric constant of water is high.
The dielectric constant shows a temperature maximum.
Proton and hydroxide ion mobilities are anomalously fast in an electric field.
The electrical conductivity of water rises to a maximum at about 230°C.
Acidity constants of weak acids show temperature minima.
X-ray diffraction shows an unusually detailed structure.
Under high pressure water molecules move further away from each other with increasing pressure.
Water thermodynamic anomalies
The heat of fusion of water with temperature exhibits a maximum at -17°C. [Explanation]
Water has over twice the specific heat capacity of ice or steam.
The specific heat capacity (CP and CV) is unusually high.
The specific heat capacity CP has a minimum at 36°C.
The specific heat capacity (CP) has a maximum at about -45°C.
The specific heat capacity (CP) has a minimum with respect to pressure.
The heat capacity (CV) has a maximum.
High heat of vaporization.
High heat of sublimation.
High entropy of vaporization.
The thermal conductivity of water is high and rises to a maximum at about 130°C.
Water physical anomalies
Water has unusually high viscosity.
Large viscosity increase as the temperature is lowered.
Water's viscosity decreases with pressure below 33°C.
Large diffusion decrease as the temperature is lowered.
At low temperatures, the self-diffusion of water increases as the density and pressure increase.
The thermal diffusivity rises to a maximum at about 0.8 GPa.
Water has unusually high surface tension.
Some salts give a surface tension-concentration minimum; the Jones-Ray effect.
Some salts prevent the coalescence of small bubbles.
don't forget to add the special properties of water seen in the documentary on water ...see post http://www.energeticforum.com/152708-post377.html
:Anomalous properties of water
Water phase anomalies
Water has unusually high melting point.
Water has unusually high boiling point.
Water has unusually high critical point.
Solid water exists in a wider variety of stable (and metastable) crystal and amorphous structures than other materials.
The thermal conductivity of ice reduces with increasing pressure.
The structure of liquid water changes at high pressure.
Supercooled water has two phases and a second critical point at about -91°C.
Liquid water is easily supercooled but glassified with difficulty.
Liquid water exists at very low temperatures and freezes on heating.
Liquid water may be easily superheated.
Hot water may freeze faster than cold water; the Mpemba effect.
Warm water vibrates longer than cold water.
Water density anomalies
The density of ice increases on heating (up to 70 K).
Water shrinks on melting.
Pressure reduces ice's melting point.
Liquid water has a high density that increases on heating (up to 3.984°C).
The surface of water is more dense than the bulk.
Pressure reduces the temperature of maximum density.
There is a minimum in the density of supercooled water.
Water has a low coefficient of expansion (thermal expansivity).
Water's thermal expansivity reduces increasingly (becoming negative) at low temperatures.
Water's thermal expansivity increases with increased pressure.
The number of nearest neighbors increases on melting.
The number of nearest neighbors increases with temperature.
Water has unusually low compressibility. [Explanation]
The compressibility drops as temperature increases up to 46.5°C.
There is a maximum in the compressibility-temperature relationship.
The speed of sound increases with temperature up to 74°C.
The speed of sound may show a minimum.
'Fast sound' is found at high frequencies and shows an discontinuity at higher pressure.
NMR spin-lattice relaxation time is very small at low temperatures.
The NMR shift increases to a maximum at low (supercool) temperatures
The refractive index of water has a maximum value at just below 0°C.
The change in volume as liquid changes to gas is very large.
Water material anomalies
No aqueous solution is ideal.
D2O and T2O differ significantly from H2O in their physical properties.
Liquid H2O and D2O differ significantly in their phase behavior.
The mean kinetic energy of water's hydrogen atoms increases at low temperature.
Solutes have varying effects on properties such as density and viscosity.
The solubilities of non-polar gases in water decrease with temperature to a minimum and then rise.
The dielectric constant of water is high.
The dielectric constant shows a temperature maximum.
Proton and hydroxide ion mobilities are anomalously fast in an electric field.
The electrical conductivity of water rises to a maximum at about 230°C.
Acidity constants of weak acids show temperature minima.
X-ray diffraction shows an unusually detailed structure.
Under high pressure water molecules move further away from each other with increasing pressure.
Water thermodynamic anomalies
The heat of fusion of water with temperature exhibits a maximum at -17°C. [Explanation]
Water has over twice the specific heat capacity of ice or steam.
The specific heat capacity (CP and CV) is unusually high.
The specific heat capacity CP has a minimum at 36°C.
The specific heat capacity (CP) has a maximum at about -45°C.
The specific heat capacity (CP) has a minimum with respect to pressure.
The heat capacity (CV) has a maximum.
High heat of vaporization.
High heat of sublimation.
High entropy of vaporization.
The thermal conductivity of water is high and rises to a maximum at about 130°C.
Water physical anomalies
Water has unusually high viscosity.
Large viscosity increase as the temperature is lowered.
Water's viscosity decreases with pressure below 33°C.
Large diffusion decrease as the temperature is lowered.
At low temperatures, the self-diffusion of water increases as the density and pressure increase.
The thermal diffusivity rises to a maximum at about 0.8 GPa.
Water has unusually high surface tension.
Some salts give a surface tension-concentration minimum; the Jones-Ray effect.
Some salts prevent the coalescence of small bubbles.
don't forget to add the special properties of water seen in the documentary on water ...see post http://www.energeticforum.com/152708-post377.html
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