Peter, whatever happened with Eric P. Dollard?

[Raui]

Kurt,
Great to see someone else helping on the equations! Dave mentioned making them more 'textbookish' as so Eric can read them, when I send Eric equations I use this LaTeX generator and he's understood every equation I've ever sent him; Online LaTeX Equation Editor - create, integrate and download

Eric,
Hope your doing well.

Raui

[Web000x]

Eric Dollard's DC Transmission Line Exercise

Eric posted a transmission line puzzle. Here is my answer

************* Original Posting ***********************

I have a D.C. transmission line, the conductors are 2 inches in diameter, spacing is 18 feet.
How many ounces of force are developed upon a 600 foot span of this line, for the following;

1. 1000 ampere line current.

2. For 1000 KV line potential?

I am waiting.

****************** My Answer **************************

The magnetic repulsion between the two conductors:

1) Calculate B

B = mu_0 H = mu_0 (I/(2*pi*r)) = (mu_0 I)/(2*pi*r) r = 18 feet = 5.48m, I = 1000A.

= (4.0e-7*pi)(1000)/(2.0*pi*5.48) = 2.0e-4/(3.14*5.48) = 11.6 uT (very small compared to terrestrial magnetism)

Calculate Force/Length

F/l = IxB = 1000A*11.6uT = 11.6 mN/meter

Calculate total for for 600' span.

l = 600' = 182.88 meter
F = 11.6 mN/meter * 182.88 meter = 2.12 N

Convert to ounces force. 1 lb = 4.45 N = 16 oz. 1 N = 3.596 oz.

F (per 600 span) = 7.62 oz. (Magnetic repulsion)


2) Calculate Electrostatic Attraction

I use the principle of virtual work with parallel plate capacitors
approximated by the 2 in diameter conductors separated by 18 feet.
I model the capacitor as a flat ribbon with 18 feet separation. The
curvature of the cylindrical conductor introduces a small error of the order
2in/18ft = 0.9%, so no problem.

E = (1/2) C V^2 = (1/2) ((epsilon A)/(d)) V^2

F = (del E / del d) = -(1/2) ((epsilon A)/(d^2)) V^2
= -(1/2) ((8.854E-12*182.88m*0.0508m)/(5.48m*5.48m)) (1.0E6V)^2

= -1.36955 N = -4.92 oz (Electrostatic attraction)

We see that reducing the current can balance mechanical forces from repulsion and
attraction. There will be a characteristic impedance associated with this balanced
system.

Balance magnitudes of attraction and repulsion

((mu I^2)/(2 pi)) (L/d) = (1/2) ((epsilon L*WireDiameter)/(d^2)) V^2

V^2/I^2 = (mu/epsilon) ((d)/(pi*WireDiameter)) = Z^2

Z = 377 sqrt(d/(pi*WireDiameter) Ohms

Enjoy

Kurt Nalty

Hey Kurt,

I've looked at most of you logic and I see something that is worth a second look. Having talked to Eric personally about the subject of "internet math", I am going to suggest that you find a way to make it more "text-book-ish" or he might have trouble deciphering it.

He told me that he would have looked this up himself but doesn't have any books left. He only wants this info (I think) so that he can give suggestions on designing a machine that has the attractive(dielectric) and repulsive forces(magnetic) cancel while generating usable power.

Dave

[KurtNalty]

Eric's DC Transmission Line

Eric Dollard's DC Transmission Line Exercise

Eric posted a transmission line puzzle. Here is my answer

************* Original Posting ***********************

I have a D.C. transmission line, the conductors are 2 inches in diameter, spacing is 18 feet.
How many ounces of force are developed upon a 600 foot span of this line, for the following;

1. 1000 ampere line current.

2. For 1000 KV line potential?

I am waiting.

****************** My Answer **************************

The magnetic repulsion between the two conductors:

1) Calculate B

B = mu_0 H = mu_0 (I/(2*pi*r)) = (mu_0 I)/(2*pi*r) r = 18 feet = 5.48m, I = 1000A.

= (4.0e-7*pi)(1000)/(2.0*pi*5.48) = 2.0e-4/(3.14*5.48) = 11.6 uT (very small compared to terrestrial magnetism)

Calculate Force/Length

F/l = IxB = 1000A*11.6uT = 11.6 mN/meter

Calculate total for for 600' span.

l = 600' = 182.88 meter
F = 11.6 mN/meter * 182.88 meter = 2.12 N

Convert to ounces force. 1 lb = 4.45 N = 16 oz. 1 N = 3.596 oz.

F (per 600 span) = 7.62 oz. (Magnetic repulsion)


2) Calculate Electrostatic Attraction

I use the principle of virtual work with parallel plate capacitors
approximated by the 2 in diameter conductors separated by 18 feet.
I model the capacitor as a flat ribbon with 18 feet separation. The
curvature of the cylindrical conductor introduces a small error of the order
2in/18ft = 0.9%, so no problem.

E = (1/2) C V^2 = (1/2) ((epsilon A)/(d)) V^2

F = (del E / del d) = -(1/2) ((epsilon A)/(d^2)) V^2
= -(1/2) ((8.854E-12*182.88m*0.0508m)/(5.48m*5.48m)) (1.0E6V)^2

= -1.36955 N = -4.92 oz (Electrostatic attraction)

We see that reducing the current can balance mechanical forces from repulsion and
attraction. There will be a characteristic impedance associated with this balanced
system.

Balance magnitudes of attraction and repulsion

((mu I^2)/(2 pi)) (L/d) = (1/2) ((epsilon L*WireDiameter)/(d^2)) V^2

V^2/I^2 = (mu/epsilon) ((d)/(pi*WireDiameter)) = Z^2

Z = 377 sqrt(d/(pi*WireDiameter) Ohms

Enjoy

Kurt Nalty

[t-rex]

Reduction to Primary Dimensions

Reduction to Primary Dimensions

In the expressions for the law of dielectric proportion, and the law of magnetic proportion, that is, the capacitance and inductance, the relations are not given entirely in primary dimensions. Both e, in Volts, and i, in Amperes, are not primary dimensions, they are secondary dimensional relations. These relations must be expanded in order to express capacitance and inductance in terms of primary dimensions only.

By the Law of Magnetic Induction

1) Volt, or Weber per Second

And the Law of Dielectric Induction

2) Ampere, or Coulomb per Second

Combining terms, for the dielectric capacitance, Farads, gives

3) Coulomb per Volt
or
Coulomb-Second per Weber

This is the primary dimensional relation expressing capacitance, C, in Farad. Now the primary dimension of Time has re-emerged into what has been a space relation. More on this later.

It was established early on that the ratio of the total dielectric induction, Psi, to the total magnetic induction, Phi, gives rise to the dimensional relation, Y, the admittance in Siemens. By substitution of the dimensions of Siemens for the ratio Coulomb per Weber, this into the expression for Farad, gives

4) Farad, or Coulomb – Second
Per Weber

Gives,

5) Farad, or Siemens – Second.

Re-arrangement of terms in 5) results in an important dimensional relation,

6) Farad per Second, or Siemens.

That is, C over T give the dimensional relation of Siemens. This new relation is the SUCEPTANCE, B, in Siemens. It is hereby established that the dimensional relation of Siemens can now be expressed in two distinct forms,

7) Admittance, Y, in
Coulomb per Weber,

8) Suceptance, B, in
Farad per Second.

More on this later on.

The same considerations apply to the magnetic field of induction, and its Law of Magnetic Proportion, the inductance, L, in Henry.

9) Henry, or Weber per Ampere.

Substituting gives,

10) Weber – Second per Coulomb,
or Henry.

And by the relation,

11) Weber per Coulomb, or Ohm

It is then given,

12) Henry, or Ohm – Second

Thus

13) Henry per Sicond, or Ohm.

This hereby derived dimensional relation for Ohm, or Henry per second, is called the REACTANCE, X, in Ohm. Again, as with the Siemens, a dual dimensional relation exist with regard to the Ohm, the impedance, Z, and the reactance, X.

We here have established a new pair of dimensional relations. These relations involve a time rate of variation, this analogous to the time rate relations, the Faraday and Maxwell Laws of Induction, given again,

A) Farad per Second
or Siemens, B.

B) Henry per Second
or Ohm, X.

Two alternate views present themselves as to the time rate of variation. One is the condition that the capacitance and inductance in themselves are constants, time invariants, it is that the forces, electro-static potential, and magneto-motive force, are time variant. The e, and i, are in variation with respect to time. This is the condition for the relations of susceptance, B, in Siemens, and of reactance, X, in Ohms.

For example, take a one Henry inductance coil. The given line voltage is 120 volts A.C. in variation at a rate of 377 radians per second, or 60 cycles per second. Hereby the reactance of the one (1) Henry inductor is thus the product of 1 and 377 or 377 Ohms, or Henry per Second. The application of 120 volts A.C. to this inductor hereby gives rise to a current of,

120 / 377 Ampere, or
Volt per Ohm.

For the sake of simplicity let us say this is about a quarter ampere, one fourth of an amp. The product of 120 volts and one fourth amp gives the electrical activity as,

120 / 4 Volt – Ampere
or 30 Volt – Ampere reactive.

This is the electrical activity of the one Henry coil across 120 volt A.C. at 60 cycles.

Carrying the Law of Magnetic Proportion one step further, this one Henry inductance coil, in its windings, has 1000 passes, or turns around its core. This hereby gives rise to a M.M.F. of 1000 times one fourth ampere, or a total of 250 ampere- turns. This magneto-motive force, or compound current is developed in a one, 1, Henry coil. Hereby, by the Law of Magnetic Proportion, for a current of one quarter ampere through 1000 turns gives rise to the quantity of magnetic induction, 250 Webers.

73 DE N6KPH

[Web000x]

Eric,
I came to the same conclusion by taking the time derivative of C = i times t, divided by v
to get the resultant being a conductance so that when the capacitance is increased you get a positive conductance and when the capacitance is decreased you get a negative conductance. Same applies to a change of inductance except the equation used was L = v times t, divided by i which gave a result of resistance (v divided by i). I've attached a pdf with my working as I know you don't like text math. So really my question is - since a negative change in inductance leads to a increase in current and a negative change in capacitance leads to an increased voltage, are these increases caused by a negative resistance or conductance or is this just a mathematical coincidence?

@All,
Also I have looked high and low for a chapter in Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses and cannot find a section on Velocity Measure but I can swear I have seen it before. I have looked in a lot of his other works and cannot find it either. Does anybody have a copy of the edition with this chapter in it?

Raui

Raui,

A couple of quotes by Eric Dollard:

This is a result of the variation of capacitance (C in Farrads) with respect to time (T in seconds) which results in a negative conductance G (in Siemens).

This is another example of synchronous parameter variation. In this case inductance (L in Henrys) time (T in seconds) gave rise to positive resistance (R in Ohms)

I'm sure you were already aware of these statements. Good eye.

Dave

[Raui]

Inductance and Capacitance

In its most general form the basic concept of an electrical configuration in electrical engineering terms is;

1) A metallic-dielectric geometric structure,
2) A bound electric field of induction, this representing STORED ENERGY within the containing geometric structure,
3) An exchange of electrical and mechanical forces between the electric field and the material geometric structure.

It is in statement 3) that the concepts of INDUCTANCE and of CAPACITANCE enter the electric dimensional relations. It is through the dimensional relations of inductance and capacitance that the electric field engages in the interaction with the geometry in which it is bound. It is also here that we find the most significant dimensional misrepresentations which occlude the understanding of the phenomenon of electricity.

The existence of the dielectric field of induction, Psi, in Coulombs, gives rise to an electro-static potential, e, in Volts. Conversely an electro-static potential, e, in Volts, gives rise to the dielectric field, Psi, in Coulomb. It is a “chicken or egg”, a matter of versor position along a cycle. Here we have a pair of dimensional relations, Psi, and, e, that exist in proportion to each other. It hereby follows that a proportionality factor must exist expressing the ration of the pair of dimensional relations, Psi, in Coulomb, and e, in Volt. Considering the dielectric induction as a primary dimension, not a dimensional relation, then the variation of the primary dimension is with respect to the secondary dimension. Primary per secondary, Psi per e. An example is a package of spaghetti, spaghetti is a primary dimension, package, per square inch a secondary dimension. Hence the dimensional relation of the proportion of dielectric, Psi, in Coulombs, to the electro-static potential, e, in Volts, is then given as,

Coulomb per Farad

The ratio, Psi over e, establishes a new dimensional relation. This relation, a factor of proportion. Is called the CAPACITANCE, C, in FARAD. That is, C equals Psi over e. If then it takes a very small magnitude of electro-static potential, e, to engender a very large quantity of dielectric induction, Psi, then the geometry supporting this induction is said to have a high capacitance, C. It is then called a CAPACITOR. One electro-static unit of capacitance is close to one picorarad, the one over C squared renders this 10 percent off.

Thus we can state a “Law of Dielectric Proportion”, C, in Farads, is the proportion of the QUANTITY of dielectric induction, Psi, in Coulomb, to the MAGNITUDE of electro-static potential, e, in Volts. The Coulomb per Volt, or Farad of electro-static capacity.

It hereby follows that for a given “package”, or quantity, of dielectric induction, a variation of the capacitance must give rise to a proportional variation of he electro-static potential, that is, a decrease in capacitance must give rise to an increase in electro-static potential. This is the Law of Dielectric Proportion.

The same line of reasoning follows for the magnetic field of induction. The existence of the magnetic field, Phi, in Weber, gives rise to a magneto-motive force, or M.M.F., i, in Amperes. Again it is a versor, chicken or egg. Here again is a pair of dimensional relations that exist in proportion to each other, Psi and i. Thus the ratio, or factor of proportion, is given as,

Weber per Ampere.

The ratio of Psi to i results in a new dimensional relation. This factor of proportion is the dimensional relation called INDUCTANCE, L, in Henry. L equals Phi over i. L in Henry is the proportionality factor between the quantity of magnetic induction to the magnitude of the M.M.F. The Weber per Ampere, or Henry of magnetic inductance. It then follows, for a given “package”, or quantity of magnetic induction, that a variation of the inductance must give rise to a variation of the M.M.F. This is to say, a decrease in inductance must give rise to a proportional increase in current, or M.M.F. This is the Law of Magnetic Proportion.

Heretofore established is the pair of dimensional relations,

1) The Law of Dielectric Proportion
Coulomb per Volt, or Farad, C

2) The Law of Magnetic Proportion
Weber per Ampere, or Henry, L

73 DE N6KPH

Eric,
I came to the same conclusion by taking the time derivative of C = i times t, divided by v
to get the resultant being a conductance so that when the capacitance is increased you get a positive conductance and when the capacitance is decreased you get a negative conductance. Same applies to a change of inductance except the equation used was L = v times t, divided by i which gave a result of resistance (v divided by i). I've attached a pdf with my working as I know you don't like text math. So really my question is - since a negative change in inductance leads to a increase in current and a negative change in capacitance leads to an increased voltage, are these increases caused by a negative resistance or conductance or is this just a mathematical coincidence?

@All,
Also I have looked high and low for a chapter in Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses and cannot find a section on Velocity Measure but I can swear I have seen it before. I have looked in a lot of his other works and cannot find it either. Does anybody have a copy of the edition with this chapter in it?

Raui

[Redisnoc]

Bump...

"one for the gipper"

[ashtweth]

HI Raui, lamare , T-rex at all.

thanks for that guys, I also got told about a lot of potential there so yes my friend your right they are going to need this crowd to "pick up the batten", i heard about all sorts of pancake cols and amazing stuff that was demonstrated over the years, i am glad you guys "have not missed the boat" with what they were demonstrating, this was the concern i was told about that people are off in other areas whilst letting Eric's stuff subside.

Ash

[t-rex]

Inductance and Capacitance

Inductance and Capacitance

In its most general form the basic concept of an electrical configuration in electrical engineering terms is;

1) A metallic-dielectric geometric structure,
2) A bound electric field of induction, this representing STORED ENERGY within the containing geometric structure,
3) An exchange of electrical and mechanical forces between the electric field and the material geometric structure.

It is in statement 3) that the concepts of INDUCTANCE and of CAPACITANCE enter the electric dimensional relations. It is through the dimensional relations of inductance and capacitance that the electric field engages in the interaction with the geometry in which it is bound. It is also here that we find the most significant dimensional misrepresentations which occlude the understanding of the phenomenon of electricity.

The existence of the dielectric field of induction, Psi, in Coulombs, gives rise to an electro-static potential, e, in Volts. Conversely an electro-static potential, e, in Volts, gives rise to the dielectric field, Psi, in Coulomb. It is a “chicken or egg”, a matter of versor position along a cycle. Here we have a pair of dimensional relations, Psi, and, e, that exist in proportion to each other. It hereby follows that a proportionality factor must exist expressing the ration of the pair of dimensional relations, Psi, in Coulomb, and e, in Volt. Considering the dielectric induction as a primary dimension, not a dimensional relation, then the variation of the primary dimension is with respect to the secondary dimension. Primary per secondary, Psi per e. An example is a package of spaghetti, spaghetti is a primary dimension, package, per square inch a secondary dimension. Hence the dimensional relation of the proportion of dielectric, Psi, in Coulombs, to the electro-static potential, e, in Volts, is then given as,

Coulomb per Farad

The ratio, Psi over e, establishes a new dimensional relation. This relation, a factor of proportion. Is called the CAPACITANCE, C, in FARAD. That is, C equals Psi over e. If then it takes a very small magnitude of electro-static potential, e, to engender a very large quantity of dielectric induction, Psi, then the geometry supporting this induction is said to have a high capacitance, C. It is then called a CAPACITOR. One electro-static unit of capacitance is close to one picorarad, the one over C squared renders this 10 percent off.

Thus we can state a “Law of Dielectric Proportion”, C, in Farads, is the proportion of the QUANTITY of dielectric induction, Psi, in Coulomb, to the MAGNITUDE of electro-static potential, e, in Volts. The Coulomb per Volt, or Farad of electro-static capacity.

It hereby follows that for a given “package”, or quantity, of dielectric induction, a variation of the capacitance must give rise to a proportional variation of he electro-static potential, that is, a decrease in capacitance must give rise to an increase in electro-static potential. This is the Law of Dielectric Proportion.

The same line of reasoning follows for the magnetic field of induction. The existence of the magnetic field, Phi, in Weber, gives rise to a magneto-motive force, or M.M.F., i, in Amperes. Again it is a versor, chicken or egg. Here again is a pair of dimensional relations that exist in proportion to each other, Psi and i. Thus the ratio, or factor of proportion, is given as,

Weber per Ampere.

The ratio of Psi to i results in a new dimensional relation. This factor of proportion is the dimensional relation called INDUCTANCE, L, in Henry. L equals Phi over i. L in Henry is the proportionality factor between the quantity of magnetic induction to the magnitude of the M.M.F. The Weber per Ampere, or Henry of magnetic inductance. It then follows, for a given “package”, or quantity of magnetic induction, that a variation of the inductance must give rise to a variation of the M.M.F. This is to say, a decrease in inductance must give rise to a proportional increase in current, or M.M.F. This is the Law of Magnetic Proportion.

Heretofore established is the pair of dimensional relations,

1) The Law of Dielectric Proportion
Coulomb per Volt, or Farad, C

2) The Law of Magnetic Proportion
Weber per Ampere, or Henry, L

73 DE N6KPH

[Raui]

I spoke to Tom B, and heard he donated 500 to Eric, (who should just open source BTW) i heard Eric is still an angry SOB thats okay we tolerate bothers with an attitude but only for so long hope he works with the open source community soon


Ash

Ash,
Concerning the open source, isn't that what Eric is doing? It may not be at any fast pace or anything but Eric is saying that our understanding of electricity is faulty and that with his understanding we can go to the next step of building a working device. Right now he is trying to give us a new understanding. Eric is more concerned that we know how electricity works than having us know how to blindly build a device and to be honest anyone serious about their researches into this area should feel the same way. Like the saying goes, you need to learn to walk before you can run.

Lamare,
I have some spare hosting space, if your interested PM me
Raui

[lamare]

I spoke to Tom B, and heard he donated 500 to Eric, (who should just open source BTW) i heard Eric is still an angry SOB thats okay we tolerate bothers with an attitude but only for so long hope he works with the open source community soon


Ash

@Ash: Eric gave me formal permission to publish his stuff:

<snip>

And finally, there is some good news. Eric gave me official permission to republish his material:

You have my official permission to publish whatever you want so long as you do not take credit for it, or do it for profit and exclude me from the returns.

What I intend to do is to release his work under more or less the creative commons non commercial license, but add a condition that allows Eric to get the returns of any work others may add to it. I have to think about this further, but the idea is that anyone is free to copy the material and improve on it freely for non-commercial purposes, but such that a printed version can be made that still includes those voluntary additions, while the returns do go to Eric.

Also see:
http://www.energeticforum.com/161118-post502.html

<snip>

Another point is how to make sure that any money that is being made with printed versions, and I would really like to see that happen, really goes to Eric and not to someone else.

My idea would be to ask the board of "Vrijschrift.org" foundation, of which I am a board member, to take care of managing any funds that result from the sale of printed versions and to make sure Eric gets his money:

<snip>

Since Vrijschrift also hosts projects that fall within the objectives, I have already asked the board if Vrijschrift would be prepared to host a site for Eric, but we have to wait what the other board members think of this idea. I hope they agree to hosting as well as to manage a fund for Eric should we get that far, because that way we can concentrate on getting the digitization work done and won't have to worry about legal issues and/or making sure Eric gets his money if they project is as succesfull as I hope it will be.

So, this is what I'm thinking about. Any comments and feedback is welcome, of course. All I want is to do the right thing for everyone, including Eric.

So far, I haven't got any reply on my request for hosting and/or fund management, so I'm afraid this will turn out to be a dead end. Maybe Panacea can do something here?

It would be nice if someone (Panacea?) could register a domain, like ericdollard.org, and provides at least some storage space. So far, I have published the (partially) digitized versions of Dollard's work at my site, using PmWiki (See a.o. Tuks DrippingPedia : Transmission Of Electricity and the side bar) , which is very flexible and a.o. supports Latex Math notation and has a module to generate a book out of some wiki pages. Since I have only 2 GB at my server, I cannot host video material, etc. But if we could host video material somewhere else and may be also move the raw document collection ( Directory contents of /pdf/Eric_Dollard_Document_Collection/ ), I think I could host the main (PmWwiki) site without any problems.

[ashtweth]

I spoke to Tom B, and heard he donated 500 to Eric, (who should just open source BTW) i heard Eric is still an angry SOB thats okay we tolerate bothers with an attitude but only for so long hope he works with the open source community soon


Ash

[Kempis]

thanks Eric for all your transmissions

[Pinwheel]

@Raui

I meant your signiture...

__________________
Scribd account; raui on Scribd | Scribd

as in people are looking to see all of EPD's stuff in one spot.

[barbosi]

Experimental Cubic Volumes

It has been heretofore established an existence of a volumetric, or cubical, unit of space, the metrical dimension. This unit of the dimension of space is defined as one cubic centimetre, the size of a common sugar cube. It is given this metrical cubic volume of space is void of any substansive dimension, no sugar, no 10-C oil, and even no aether, since aether is considered a substansive dimensional relation. Hence, indivisible, void, and a pure metrical unit, this is our cubic volume of EMPTY SPACE.

Consider the axiom that a field of electric induction cannot exist in the absence of the aether. Then just how does this cubic void space interact with an electric field? Since the laws of lines of force as established by Michael Faraday, and developed by J.J. Thompson, and as further established by C.P. Steinmetz, maintain that no line of force can just end in space. The lines of magnetic induction exist as closed loops, no beginning, no end, continuous expansive or contractive loops. Magnetism is a circumferal force. In a conjugate manner the lines of dielectric induction terminate upon physical surfaces, where they bond into the intra-molecular dimensions. Dielectricity is a radial force.

The Maxwell concept of electro-magnetic induction and its propagation gives an altered concept of the nature of dielectric induction. In this situation the lines of dielectric induction may also terminate upon themselves, forming closed curves in a manner analogous to the loops of magnetic induction. This condition is a necessity for the propagation of electro-magnetic waves in a dielectric medium, (sugar, oil, aether, etc.) without guiding metallic structures (wires, waveguides, etc.) This eliminates the “charge carrier”, that is, the dielectric induction is now completely independent of any terminal surfaces. The dielectric induction is now completely dielectric. This is the fundamental concept underlying the Maxwell theory of electro-magnetism. It is here that J.C. Maxwell found his fame. But the pedant tells us just the exact opposite! So intent is this mind-state in forcing a “materialism” upon electrical theory that Maxwell’s work is re-worked to suit this view, it is then taken up by the one wing parrots, their screeches drowning out the original concepts of Maxwell.

It may be logically inferred hereby that, for the condition of a cubic volume of space, the line of magnetic, and the lines of electric, induction must bend around this cubic void of space. These lines cannot be interrupted or broken by this void. Hence by the insertion of a cubic void into a space supporting electric induction the lines of force are pushed aside. The overall induction in the supportive space is then hereby reduced, since now there is a unit volume less of this space. This is to say that the inductivity of the supportive space is reduced by the insertion of an aetherless cubic volume of space, the cube of empty space.

Consider certain experimental configurations. One configuration consists of a widely spaced pair of laser produced beam of light, side by side traveling through the aetheric medium. The second configuration is a pair of one square centimetre copper plates. These two plates face each other squarely and are separated by a span of one centimetre. This defines a partial boundary for our one cubic centimetre, or unit, cube. Hence any unit cube volume can be inserted between the pair of one square cm copper plates. It is also given that all space within and surrounding these copper squares is void, no sugar, no oil, no aether, just empty space.

In our first experimental configuration we have a set of three unit cubes, one is filled with 10-C oil, the second is filled with aether, and the third is void. Taking the side by side spaced laser beams, we measure the speed, or time delay of propagation of both beams through supporting aether through which they propagate. Here, both arrive at the end point at the same time, thus propagating at identical velocities of propagation. First, take the unit cube of oil and insert it into beam number one, leaving beam number two unchanged. It is hereby found that beam one arrives delayed in time relative to the arrival time of beam two. Here it can be inferred that light travels slower in the oil. By measurement it is found to be about 70 percent of the light velocity in the aether.

Next, take a unit cube of aether and insert this cube into beam one, again leaving beam two unaltered. Obviously both beams arrive at the same time since both propagate through only aether.

Finally, take a unit cube of void space and insert it into beam one, beam two again unaltered. The poodle begins to bark. We now have two distinctly opposing possible outcomes.

(A) Beam one is stopped at the facing boundary of the cubic void. No beam one is detected at the receiving end. Now it may be asked, what became of beam one? Was it sent back, or was it consumed, thus in violation of the Law of Energy Perpetuity? This we are unable to answer.

(B) Beam one arrives advanced in time relative to the arrival time of beam two, this to say, that the propagation through the void space is now instantaneous, in other words with an infinite (un-defined) velocity. It takes no time to span the distance of the unit void space. How is this possible?

Now we take our next experimental configuration, the pair of parallel one square cm. copper plates, these in void space. Thus far we have no concept defining capacitance, but we do possess a capacitance meter. How fortunate! Upon connecting this instrument to the unit copper plates in a void it is found that this metallic-dielectric configuration has zero capacity. This is understandable since we now have no dielectric, and hence, no dielectric induction.

Next, we insert a unit cube of aether between the unit square copper plates. Now the instrument indicates one electro-static unit of capacitance, this as expected.

Finally, we insert a unit cube of 10-C oil between the unit square copper plates. Now the instrument indicates an increase in capacitance over that of the aether. This increase in capacitance is in EXACT proportion to the square (second power) of the decrease in the velocity of light through the same identical cube of oil. It is then given, the change in the velocity of light through a dielectric medium is the square root of the inverse of the change in capacitance effected by this dielectric medium. Hence capacitance exists in a direct relationship with the velocity of light in a given medium. Zero capacitance, infinite velocity.

Hereby this dimensional relation is given as,

Seconds Squared
Per
Centimetres Squared

This is to say, one over the speed of light squared, that is, one over c squared. Here it is useful to take the speed of light as a unit value, or one. See for example, C.P. Steinmetz’s “Impulses, Waves, and Discharges”, chapter on “Velocity Measure.” It is in this relationship between luminal velocity and electro-static capacity that we find the luminal velocity concepts of the relativists, the c squared in the E equals M-c squared. Call it a “dimensional fluke” if you wish. However, capacitance is forever married to the velocity of light, to one over c squared.

Investigating dielectric capacitance a bit further, consider an experiment of Ben Franklin, the father of the electro-static condenser. Here we will dispel the “electronics nerd” concept that a capacitor stores “electrons” in its plates. Taking the pair of copper plates as in the previous experiment, but now we have two pairs of plates, one pair of plates distant from the other pair of plates. Upon one pair of plates is imposed an electro-static potential between them. The cube of 10-C oil is inserted between this “charged” set of plates. This hereby establishes a dielectric field of induction within the unit cube of 10-C oil. Now we then remove this cube of oil, withdrawing it from the space bounded by the charged pair of copper plates, and taking this unit cube of oil, it is then inserted into the space bounded by the other un-charged pair of plates. Upon insertion it is found that the un-charged pair of plates have now in fact become charged also. It here can be seen that a cube of dielectric induction can be carried through space, from one set of plates to another set of plates. This induction is contained by the boundaries of the 10-C oil. Well golly-gee Mr. Wizard, what happened to all those electrons, Isn’t oil an insulator?

Here given has been various examples of dimensional relations involving space. First order space has been the long distance power line, second order space has been the package of spaghetti, third order space has been the cube of 10-C transformer oil, and, over the incessant barking of the poodle, fourth order space has been invoked as a product of conjugate flux densities.

With the understanding hereby developed it is now possible to enter development of the concept of inductance and of capacitance, along with their use in the application of the metrical dimension of space to the substantial dimensions of electric induction. From this can be derived a substansive concept of the aether.

73 DE N6KPH

Thank you, your input is always welcome.